This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

A Longitudinal Analysis of the Manic Episode

Gabrielle A. Carlson, MD; Frederick K. Goodwin, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28(2):221-228.

Abstract
The progression of symptoms during an acute manic episode was studied retrospectively in 20 bipolar manic-depressive patients whose diagnosis was reconfirmed at follow-up. Three stages were delineated, the most severe of which was manifested by bizarre behavior, hallucinations, paranoia, and extreme dysphoria. Despite symptoms that might have otherwise prompted a diagnosis of schizophrenia, patients appeared clearly manic both earlier in the course and later as the episode was resolving.

The level of functioning was ascertained at follow-up and compared statistically with the level of psychotic disorganization during the acute manic episode; no relationship was found. The advantages of using a longitudinal view of a psychotic episode as a diagnostic tool is discussed.

Author Affiliations
Bethesda, Md

From the Section on Psychiatry, Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Oct 11, 1972.

Reprint requests to Clinical Research Unit, Section on Psychiatry, Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md 20014 (Dr. Goodwin).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Recurring Episodes of Bell's Mania After Cerebrovascular Accident
Bobo et al.
Psychosomatics 2009;50:285-288.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Disorders of Thought Are Severe Mood Disorders: the Selective Attention Defect in Mania Challenges the Kraepelinian Dichotomy A Review
Raymond Lake
Schizophr Bull 2008;34:109-117.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Physiology of Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizoaffective Disorder
Martin et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2007;164:1900-1906.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Deconstructing Schizophrenia: An Overview of the Use of Endophenotypes in Order to Understand a Complex Disorder
Braff et al.
Schizophr Bull 2007;33:21-32.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Syndromes and Phenomenological Subtypes Underlying Acute Mania: A Factor Analytic Study of 576 Manic Patients
Sato et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:968-974.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hierarchy and Heritability: The Role of Diagnosis and Modeling in Psychiatric Genetics
Kendler
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:515-518.
FULL TEXT  

The Structure of Psychosis: Latent Class Analysis of Probands From the Roscommon Family Study
Kendler et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:492-499.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Understanding Manic-depressive Illness
Goodwin and Ghaemi
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:23-25.
FULL TEXT  

A Factor Analysis of the Signs and Symptoms of Mania
Cassidy et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:27-32.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Thought Disorder in Schizophrenic and Control Adoptees and Their Relatives
Kinney et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:475-479.
ABSTRACT  

Backward Masking in Schizophrenia and Mania: II. Specifying the Visual Channels
Green et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:945-951.
ABSTRACT  

What Is the 'Core' Symptom of Mania?-Reply
Bauer et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:71-72.
ABSTRACT  

Sensorimotor Gating and Schizophrenia: Human and Animal Model Studies
Braff and Geyer
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:181-188.
ABSTRACT  

Dysphoric Mania: Clinical and Biological Correlates
Post et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:353-358.
ABSTRACT  

Plasma 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol Changes Associated With Clinical State and Schizophrenic Subtype
Ko et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:842-846.
ABSTRACT  

Delirium in the Elderly
Beresin
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:127-143.
ABSTRACT  

Comparative Studies of Thought Disorders: II. Schizoaffective Disorder
Shenton et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:21-30.
ABSTRACT  

Thought Disorder in Children at Risk for Psychosis
Arboleda and Holzman
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:1004-1013.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenia Subdivided by the Family History of Affective Disorder: A Comparison of Symptomatology and Course of Illness
Kendler and Hays
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:951-955.
ABSTRACT  

Inpatient Community Meeting as an Aid To Psychiatric Diagnosis
Schaffer et al.
Int J Soc Psychiatry 1983;29:199-204.
 

Psychotic Symptoms in Prepubertal Major Depressive Disorder
Chambers et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:921-927.
ABSTRACT  

Thought Pathology in Manic and Schizophrenic Patients: Its Occurrence at Hospital Admission and Seven Weeks Later
Harrow et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:665-671.
ABSTRACT  

Using the Protirelin Test to Distinguish Mania From Schizophrenia
Extein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:77-81.
ABSTRACT  

Toward the Validation of RDC Schizoaffective Disorder
Rosenthal et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:804-810.
ABSTRACT  

Recognition of Acute Delirious Mania
Bond
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:553-554.
ABSTRACT  

Reliability and Descriptive Validity of PSE Syndromes
Luria and Berry
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:1187-1195.
ABSTRACT  

Prediction of Treatment Outcome With Lithium
Carroll
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:870-878.
ABSTRACT  

Rapid Cycling in Manic-Depressives Induced by Tricyclic Antidepressants
Wehr and Goodwin
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:555-559.
ABSTRACT  

Combination of Lithium Carbonate and Haloperidol in Schizo-affective Disorder: A Controlled Study
Biederman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:327-333.
ABSTRACT  

Secondary Mania: Manic Syndromes Associated With Antecedent Physical Illness or Drugs
Krauthammer and Klerman
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:1333-1339.
ABSTRACT  

Primary Affective Disorder, Aggression, and Criminality: A Review and Clinical Study
Good
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:954-960.
ABSTRACT  

Diagnosis in Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Illness: A Reassessment of the Specificity of 'Schizophrenic' Symptoms in the Light of Current Research
Pope and Lipinski
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:811-828.
ABSTRACT  

Catatonia: Prevalence and Importance in the Manic Phase of Manic-Depressive Illness
Taylor and Abrams
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:1223-1225.
ABSTRACT  

The Switch Process in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
BUNNEY et al.
ANN INTERN MED 1977;87:319-335.
ABSTRACT  

First-Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia in Schneider-Oriented German Centers
Koehler et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:810-813.
ABSTRACT  

Reduced MAO Activity in First-Degree Relatives of Individuals With Bipolar Affective Disorders: A Preliminary Report
Leckman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:601-606.
ABSTRACT  

Is Disordered Thinking Unique to Schizophrenia?
Harrow and Quinlan
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:15-21.
ABSTRACT  

Consistency of Kurt Schneider-Oriented Diagnosis Over 40 Years
Koehler and Steigerwald
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:51-55.
ABSTRACT  

Schizo-affective Psychosis: Fact or Fiction? A Survey of the Literature
Procci
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1167-1178.
ABSTRACT  

Mania in Childhood: Case Studies and Literature Review
Weinberg and Brumback
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1976;130:380-385.
ABSTRACT  

Acute Mania: Clinical and Genetic Study of Responders and Nonresponders to Treatments
Taylor and Abrams
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:863-865.
ABSTRACT  

Overview of Recent Research in Depression: Integration of Ten Conceptual Models Into a Comprehensive Clinical Frame
Akiskal and McKinney
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:285-305.
ABSTRACT  

Manic-Depressive Illness and Paranoid Schizophrenia: A Phenomenologic, Family History, and Treatment-Response Study
Abrams et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:640-642.
ABSTRACT  

Depression, Elation, and Lithium Carbonate Responses in Manic Patient Subgroups
Murphy and Beigel
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:643-648.
ABSTRACT  

Inhibition of Dopamine-B-Hydroxylase in Manic Patients: A Clinical Trial With Fusaric Acid
Sack and Goodwin
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:649-654.
ABSTRACT  

Psychomotor Activity in Mania
Weiss et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:379-383.
ABSTRACT  

Hysteria: The Consultant's Dilemma: Twentieth Century Demonology, Pejorative Epithet, or Useful Diagnosis?
Lewis
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;30:145-151.
ABSTRACT  

Marihuana-Modified Mania
Harding and Knight
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;29:635-637.
ABSTRACT  

The Phenomenology of Mania: A New Look at Some Old Patients
Taylor and Abrams
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;29:520-522.
ABSTRACT