This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Integration of Ten Conceptual Models Into a Comprehensive Clinical Frame

Hagop S. Akiskal, MD; William T. McKinney, Jr., MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975;32(3):285-305.

Abstract
Disciplinary fragmentation and nosological and semantic controversies have obscured the impressive advances made in the area of depressive disorders during the past decade. This article is an attempt to translate data derived from psychodynamic, sociobehavioral, and neurobiologic research into a clinically meaningful framework.

We review ten models of depression with special emphasis on newer models supported by empirical and experimental studies, and present a new model, which incorporates and synthesizes findings from different schools. Depressive illness is conceptualized as the feedback interaction of three sets of variables at chemical, experiential, and behavioral levels with the diencephalon serving as the field of action.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee College of Medicine and the Tennessee Psychiatric Hospital and Institute, Memphis (Dr. Akiskal); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, the Psychiatric Research Institute of Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Primate Laboratory, Madison (Dr. McKinney).

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Nov 8, 1974.

Reprint requests to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, 42 N Dunlap St, Memphis, TN 38103 (Dr. Akiskal).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Men
Kendler et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2006;163:115-124.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Women
Kendler et al.
Focus 2005;3:83-97.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sylvia Plath and the depression continuum
Cooper
JRSM 2003;96:296-301.
FULL TEXT  

Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Women
Kendler et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1133-1145.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Classifying Depression: Should Paradigms Lost Be Regained?
Parker
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:1195-1203.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Social Zeitgebers and Biological Rhythms: A Unified Approach to Understanding the Etiology of Depression
Ehlers et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:948-952.
ABSTRACT  

Misery and the of Disease Theories of Depression
Bebbington
Int J Soc Psychiatry 1987;33:13-20.
ABSTRACT  

A Psychobiologic Analysis of Cognitive Failures: Structure and Mechanisms
Tariot and Weingartner
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1183-1188.
ABSTRACT  

Situational and Neurotic-Reactive Depression
Glass
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:1126-1127.
ABSTRACT  

Cognition and Therapy-Reply
Simons
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:1114-1115.
ABSTRACT  

Cognition and Therapy
Beck
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:1112-1114.
ABSTRACT  

The Process of Change in Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: Changes in Mood and Cognition
Simons et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:45-51.
ABSTRACT  

Parental 'Affectionless Control' as an Antecedent to Adult Depression: A Risk Factor Delineated
Parker
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:956-960.
ABSTRACT  

Life Events and Depressive Disorder Reviewed: I. Events as Predisposing Factors
Lloyd
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:529-535.
ABSTRACT  

Life Events and Depressive Disorder Reviewed: II. Events as Precipitating Factors
Lloyd
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:541-548.
ABSTRACT  

Differentiation of Primary Affective Illness From Situational, Symptomatic, and Secondary Depressions
Akiskal et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:635-643.
ABSTRACT  

Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Two Measures of Depressive Symptoms: The Relation of Prevalence and Persistence of Symptoms With Sex, Age, Education, and Marital Status
Craig and Van Natta
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:149-154.
ABSTRACT  

Primary Affective Disorder, Clinical State Change, and MHPG Excretion: A Longitudinal Study
Pickar et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:1378-1383.
ABSTRACT  

Major Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine: The Psychiatrist's Evolving Role in Medicine
LEIGH and REISER
ANN INTERN MED 1977;87:233-239.
ABSTRACT  

Cholinergic changes during conditioned suppression in rats
Hingtgen et al.
Science 1976;193:332-334.
ABSTRACT