This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Organicity in Schizophrenia With Premorbid Asociality and Emotionally Unstable Character Disorders

Frederic Quitkin, MD; Arthur Rifkin, MD; Donald F. Klein, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33(7):845-853.

Abstract
• Previous studies indicated that for two subgroups of patients, schizophrenics with premorbid asociality (SPA) and individuals with emotionally unstable character disorders (EUCD), central nervous system damage may have etiologic significance. It was hypothesized that these two patient groups would also have an increased number of neurologic soft signs.

The relationship of neurologic examination, tests of auditoryvisual integration, and intelligence quotient, and diagnoses was studied for 350 patients. Tests of reliability and persistence for all observed signs were performed.

The EUCD and SPA groups had increased evidence of neurologic soft signs. Differences in patterns of IQ scores also suggest that different forms of brain damage may be present in these two groups. When the two groups were removed from the larger patient sample, those patients with other types of schizophrenia and character disorder did not exhibit evidence of neurologic impairment. This study of neurologic soft signs adds to the validity of considering SPA and EUCD as separate diagnostic entities.

Author Affiliations
From the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center, Hillside Division, Glen Oaks, NY.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Feb 16, 1976.

Reprint requests to Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center, PO Box 38, Glen Oaks, NY 11004 (Dr Quitkin).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis
Chan et al.
Schizophr Bull 2009;0:sbp011v1-sbp011.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Extrapyramidal symptoms and signs in first-episode, antipsychotic exposed and non-exposed patients with schizophrenia or related psychotic illness
Honer et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2005;19:277-285.
ABSTRACT  

Relationships Between Cognitive and Neurological Performance in Neuroleptic-Naive Psychosis
Sanders et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2004;16:480-487.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective Study of Neurological Abnormalities in Offspring of Women With Psychosis: Birth to Adulthood
Schubert and McNeil
Am. J. Psychiatry 2004;161:1030-1037.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in AeSOP first-episode psychoses study
Dazzan et al.
Brain 2004;127:143-153.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diagnostic Specificity and Neuroanatomical Validity of Neurological Abnormalities in First-Episode Psychoses
Keshavan et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:1298-1304.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review
DAZZAN and MURRAY
Br. J. Psychiatry 2002;181 :s50-s57.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neurologic Soft Signs in Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Gurvits et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:181-186.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Clinical and Neuropsychological Profiles of Obsessive-Compulsive Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
Hwang et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2000;12:91-94.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Violence, Criminal Behavior, and the EEG: Significance of Left Hemispheric Focal Abnormalities
Pillmann et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 1999;11:454-457.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prediction of Neuropsychological Performance by Neurological Signs in Schizophrenia
Arango et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1999;156:1349-1357.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Neurologic Examination in Adult Psychiatry: From Soft Signs to Hard Science
Sanders and Keshavan
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 1998;10:395-404.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neurological Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Siblings
Ismail et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:84-89.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Premorbid Social Functioning in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Similarities and Differences
Cannon et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1997;154:1544-1550.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Infants at Risk for Schizophrenia: Sequelae of a Genetic Neurointegrative Defect: A Review and Replication Analysis of Pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study
Fish et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:221-235.
ABSTRACT  

Developmental Manual Dyspraxia: A Lesson in Mind and Brain
Deuel and Doar
J Child Neurol 1992;7:99-103.
ABSTRACT  

Neurologic Soft Signs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Bihari et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:278-278.
ABSTRACT  

Signs of Central Nervous System Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hollander et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:27-32.
ABSTRACT  

Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia
Murray and Kerwin
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:1052-1053.
ABSTRACT  

Neurologic Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Families: I. Comparison of Schizophrenic, Bipolar, and Substance Abuse Patients and Normal Controls
Woods et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:657-663.
ABSTRACT  

Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: I. Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Evidence
Weinberger et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:114-124.
ABSTRACT  

Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: II. Role of Neuroleptic Treatment, Attention, and Mental Effort
Berman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:126-135.
ABSTRACT  

The Prediction of Outcome in Chronic Schizophrenia: IV. The Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study
McGlashan
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:167-176.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenics With Tardive Dyskinesia: Neuropsychological Deficit and Family Psychopathology
Wegner et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:860-865.
ABSTRACT  

Neurological Dysfunctioning in Offspring of Schizophrenics in Israel and Denmark: A Replication Analysis
Marcus et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:753-761.
ABSTRACT  

Neurological Soft Signs: Their Relationship to Psychiatric Disorder and Intelligence in Childhood and Adolescence
Shaffer et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:342-351.
ABSTRACT  

Attention Dysfunction and Psychopathology in College Men
Buchsbaum et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:354-360.
ABSTRACT  

The Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study: I. Follow-up Methodology and Study Sample
McGlashan
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:573-585.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenia With Premorbid Inferiority Feelings: A Distinct Subgroup?
Kendler and Hays
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:643-647.
ABSTRACT  

Attentional and Neuromotor Functions of Schizophrenics, Schizoaffectives, and Patients With Other Affective Disorders
Walker
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:1355-1358.
ABSTRACT  

Infants at Risk for Schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study
Marcus et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:703-713.
ABSTRACT  

Offspring of Schizophrenics III: Hyperactivity and Neurological Soft Signs
Rieder and Nichols
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:665-674.
ABSTRACT  

Neurobiologic Antecedents of Schizophrenia in Children: Evidence for an Inherited, Congenital Neurointegrative Defect
Fish
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:1297-1313.
ABSTRACT