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A Comparison of Primary Depressives With Depressed Opiate Addicts, Alcoholics, and Schizophrenics

Myrna M. Weissman, PhD; Margaret Pottenger; Herbert Kleber, MD; Harvey L. Ruben, MD; Donald Williams, MD; W. Douglas Thompson

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34(7):854-862.

Abstract
• The primary-secondary distinction in affective disorders has been proposed to reduce the heterogeneity of depression. An investigation of the frequency of secondary depression and its nature in depressed opiate addicts, alcoholics, and schizophrenics was undertaken. Findings show that secondary depression in ambulatory patients with other psychiatric disorders is relatively common. The sociodemographic characteristics of the secondary depressives are consistent with the population from which they derive but differ from primary depressives. The symptom patterns of secondary depressives are similar to primary depressives but are overall less severe. These findings give further support to the value of separating out secondary from primary depression in future research studies.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven. Ms Pottenger is now at Department of Psychology, University of Rochester (NY). Dr Ruben is now with the Alcohol and Drug Programs, Department of Mental Health, State of Connecticut. Mr Thompson is now at the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Sept 21, 1976.

Reprint requests to Depression Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 904 Howard Ave, Suite 2A, New Haven, CT 06519 (Dr Weissman).

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