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Successful Separation of Depressed, Normal, and Insomniac Subjects by EEG Sleep Data
J. Christian Gillin, MD;
Wallace Duncan;
Karen D. Pettigrew, MA;
Bernard L. Frankel, MD;
Frederick Snyder, MD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36(1):85-90.
Abstract
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• Data from all-night EEG sleep studies were used to distinguish normal subjects, primary depressed patients, and primary insomniac patients. In part 1, we compared 41 normal subjects, 56 depressed patients, and 18 insomniacs. In a univariate comparison with normal subjects, depressed patients showed less total sleep, longer sleep latency, more early morning awake time, more intermittent awake time, less delta sleep, less sleep efficiency, and shorter rapid eye movement (REM) latencies; compared with insomniacs, depressed patients showed greater early morning awake time, shorter REM latency, greater REM index, and greater REM density. Using multivariate discriminant analysis, 82% of the sample were correctly classified by diagnosis: 100% of the normal subjects, 72% of the depressed patients, and 77% of the insomniacs. Eight variables contributed to the multivariate separation of depressed individuals from insomniacs and normals: total sleep time, total recording period, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, early morning awake time, awake time, REM time, and REM %. When the discriminant functions were applied to a second group of 18 primary depressed patients, 82% were correctly classified as depressed. These results suggest that primary depressed patients and primary insomniac patients may show relatively characteristic patterns of sleep abnormality.
Author Affiliations
From the Laboratory of Clinical Pscyhopharmacology, Division of Special Mental Health Research, Intramural Research Program (Dr Gillin), the Biological Psychiatry Branch, Division of Clinical and Biological Research, Intramural Research Program (Mr Duncan), the Theoretical Statistics and Mathematics Branch (Ms Pettigrew), and the Laboratory of Clinical Psychobiology (Drs Frankel and Snyder), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md; and St Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, DC (Dr Gillin). Dr Frankel is now with George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Dr Snyder is now with Mehelona Memorial Hospital, Kap Kapaa, Kauai, Hawaii.
Footnotes
Accepted for publication May 3, 1978.
Reprint requests to Bldg 10, Rm 3N224, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20014 (Dr Gillin).
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