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D. Dwayne Simpson, PhD; George W. Joe, EdD; Sharon A. Bracy, MS

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(11):1318-1323.

Abstract
• Long-term behavioral outcome status of 990 daily opioid users, recorded in follow-up interviews about six years after admission to community-based treatment programs, was classified in terms of longitudinal patterns of opioid use. Sixty-one percent of these individuals had achieved abstinence from opioid drugs for a year or longer immediately before the followup interview. Compared with those who continued heavy opioid drug use, and with others who had problems with nonopioid drugs or alcohol over time, persons who achieved abstinence also had significantly better long-term outcomes on criminality, use of nonopioid drugs and alcohol, and productive activities. Except for criminal history, outcome status was generally unrelated to client demographic and background predictors, but behavioral improvements over time were strongly associated with participation in drug abuse treatment.

Author Affiliations
From the Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. Dr Simpson is now with the Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication April 15, 1982.

The interpretations and conclusions presented herein do not necessarily reflect the position of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or the Department of Health and Human Services.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Dr Simpson).

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