This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

An Evolutionary Model

Russell Gardner, Jr, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(12):1436-1441.

Abstract
• Characteristics of mania describe Individuals who are human counterparts of "alpha" members of nonhuman species. Depressive characteristics describe low rank or "omega" persons. These similarities provided initial support for a model of manic-depressive disorder that hypothesizes these bipolar states to be (1) basically identical to an organismic state also experienced by persons at the corresponding extremes of social rank, (2) triggered unusually easily and maintained unusually rigorously in spite of social reality (in contrast to those for whom the organismic state and social reality are congruent), and (3) genetically transmitted via mechanisms that enhance this ease of onset and rigidity of maintenance (v mechanisms presumed to be state specific). This theoretic model defines some illness components as variations of normal states, others as pathologic, and still others as reactive. This conception may guide investigative work with experimental animals.

Author Affiliations
From the Division of Psychiatry-Behavioral Science, Department of Neurosciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Fargo.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication June 9, 1982.

Reprint requests to Division of Psychiatry-Behavioral Science, 1919 N Elm St, Fargo, ND 58102 (Dr Gardner).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Is Depression an Adaptation?
Nesse
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:14-20.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A re-evaluation of social defeat as an animal model of depression
Marrow et al.
J Psychopharmacol 1999;13:115-121.
ABSTRACT  

Loss of social status: preliminary evaluation of a novel animal model of depression
Willner et al.
J Psychopharmacol 1995;9:207-213.
ABSTRACT  

The Interpersonal Octagon: An Alternative to the Interpersonal Circle
Birtchnell
Human Relations 1994;47:511-529.
ABSTRACT  

What Is the 'Core' Symptom of Mania?
Gardner and Wenegrat
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:70-71.
ABSTRACT  

Cerebral Metabolic Rates for Glucose in Mood Disorders: Studies With Positron Emission Tomography and Fluorodeoxyglucose F 18
Baxter et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:441-447.
ABSTRACT  

The Evolutionary Model of Psychiatric Disorder
Price and Sloman
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:211-211.
ABSTRACT