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Prevalence and Risk Factors, 1959 to 1979

John M. Kane, MD; James M. Smith, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(4):473-481.

Abstract
• Fifty-six prevalence surveys of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in neuroleptic-treated patients are reviewed, yielding an average prevalence of 20% as compared with 5% prevalence of "spontaneous" dyskinesia in 19 samples of untreated individuals. Reported prevalence has increased during the past two decades and is not attributable simply to the more widespread use of rating scales. Controlled studies of a variety of risk factors are reviewed and suggest that advancing age and, to a lesser extent, female sex are the two variables most consistently associated with increased prevalence. There are relatively few data supporting the assumption that the risk of TD development continues to increase with increasing neuroleptic exposure, CNS dysfunction, or exposure to antiparkinsonism medication.

Author Affiliations
From Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center, Glen Oaks, NY (Dr Kane), and Hudson River Psychiatric Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (Dr Smith).

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Sept 21, 1981.

Reprint requests to Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center, Glen Oaks, NY 11004 (Dr Kane).

References 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 47, 49, 51, 52, 72, 73.

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