This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Alan Breier, MD; Dennis S. Charney, MD; George R. Heninger, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(12):1129-1135.

Abstract
• A review of the life-time occurrence of major depression, the temporal relationship of major depression to episodes of panic and agoraphobic disorders, and the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms were determined In 60 patients with agoraphobia or panic disorder. Forty-one (68%) of the patients had a past or current episode of major depression, and 35 (85%) of these patients had endogenous-type major depression. Twenty patients (33%) had an episode of primary major depression, and an average of three years separated the end of primary major depression and the first panic attack. Secondary major depression occurred in 28 patients. Patients with a history of major depression had a more severe anxiety disorder. These data support the view that In a subgroup of patients, episodes of depression and panic anxiety disorder may be manifestations of a common underlying pathogenic process.

Author Affiliations
From the Clinical Research Unit, Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, and the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication May 15, 1984.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06508 (Dr Charney).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Prognostic Value of Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Jiang et al.
Circulation 2004;110:3452-3456.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Identification of Multiple Genetic Loci Linked to the Propensity for ""Behavioral Despair"" in Mice
Yoshikawa et al.
Genome Res 2002;12:357-366.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Biopsychological and Cognitive Differences in Children With Premature vs On-Time Adrenarche
Dorn et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:137-146.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

An Investigation of Anxious Thought in Patients With Dsm-Iv Agoraphobia / Panic Disorder: Rationale and Design
Compton
J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1998;46:691-721.
ABSTRACT  

Outcomes of Group Cognitive Behavioral Training in the Treatment of Panic Disorder And Agoraphobia
Schweitzer et al.
J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 1995;1:83-90.
ABSTRACT  

Psychiatric Disorders in Relatives of Probands With Panic Disorder and/or Major Depression
Goldstein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:383-394.
ABSTRACT  

Update on Anxiety Disorders
Ballenger
Arch Intern Med 1991;151:857-859.
ABSTRACT  

Follow-up Status of Patients With Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries and Panic Disorder
Beitman et al.
JAMA 1991;265:1545-1549.
ABSTRACT  

Blunted Growth Hormone Response to Clonidine in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Abelson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:157-162.
ABSTRACT  

Outcome of Panic Disorder: Relationship to Diagnostic Subtypes and Comorbidity
Noyes et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:809-818.
ABSTRACT  

Risk Factors for the Onset of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-III Agoraphobia in a Prospective, Population-Based Study
Eaton and Keyl
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:819-824.
ABSTRACT  

The Diagnostic Utility of Lactate Sensitivity in Panic Disorder
Cowley and Arana
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:277-284.
ABSTRACT  

Clinical and Medication Outcome After Short-term Alprazolam and Behavorial Group Treatment in Panic Disorder: 2.5-Year Naturalistic Follow-up Study
Nagy et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:993-999.
ABSTRACT  

Depression in Panic Disorder and Response to Alprazolam Therapy
Pyke
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1053-1053.
ABSTRACT  

Depression in Panic Disorder and Response to Alprazolam Therapy-Reply
Lesser and Rubin
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1053-1054.
ABSTRACT  

A Controlled Family History Study of Prepubertal Major Depressive Disorder
Puig-Antich et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:406-418.
ABSTRACT  

Alprazolam in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Results From a Multicenter Trial: I. Efficacy in Short-term Treatment
Ballenger et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:413-422.
ABSTRACT  

Secondary Depression in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: I. Frequency, Severity, and Response to Treatment
Lesser et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:437-443.
ABSTRACT  

Effects of Antidepressant Treatments on Platelet Tritiated Imipramine Binding in Major Depressive Disorder
Wagner et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:870-877.
ABSTRACT  

Atypical or Nonanginal Chest Pain: Panic Disorder or Coronary Artery Disease?
Beitman et al.
Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1548-1552.
ABSTRACT  

Big Genes, Little Genes, Affective Disorder, and Anxiety: A Commentary
Carey
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:486-491.
ABSTRACT  

Agoraphobia With Panic Attacks: Development, Diagnostic Stability, and Course of Illness
Breier et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1029-1036.
ABSTRACT  

Abnormal Regulation of Noradrenergic Function in Panic Disorders: Effects of Clonidine in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder
Charney and Heninger
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1042-1054.
ABSTRACT  

Serotonin Function in Panic Disorders: The Effect of Intravenous Tryptophan in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Panic Disorder Before and During Alprazolam Treatment
Charney and Heninger
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1059-1065.
ABSTRACT  

Relationship Between Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: A Family Study
Noyes et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:227-232.
ABSTRACT