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An Adoption Study of Somatoform DisordersIII. Cross-Fostering Analysis and Genetic Relationship to Alcoholism and Criminality
Michael Bohman, MD;
C. Robert Cloninger, MD;
Anne-Liis von Knorring, MD;
Sören Sigvardsson, PhD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(9):872-878.
Abstract
• The genetic and environmental antecedents of two clinically distinct somatoform disorders were compared in 859 Swedish women adopted at an early age by nonrelatives. The characteristics of both the biological and adoptive parents of high-frequency "somatizers" were different from those of diversiform somatizers. The risk of diversiform somatization was increased in the adopted-away daughters of men treated for male-limited (type 2) alcoholism, but not in daughters of milieu-limited (type 1) alcoholics. In contrast, the biological fathers of high-frequency somatizers often had a history of recurrent convictions for violent crimes since adolescence, but no treatment for alcoholism. Similarly, alcohol abuse by the adoptive father was associated with increased risk of diversiform but not high-frequency somatization. Thus, highfrequency and diversiform somatization are not only clinically distinct, but also have different genetic and environmental backgrounds. The association of diversiform somatization with male-limited alcoholism, and not with milieu-limited alcoholism, also provides independent support for our earlier distinction between these two types of alcoholism.
Author Affiliations
From the Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Umeå (Sweden) University School of Medicine (Drs Bohman, von Knorring, and Sigvardsson), and the Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine and Jewish Hospital of St Louis (Dr Cloninger).
Footnotes
Accepted for publication Dec 12, 1983.
Reprint requests to Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Umeå University School of Medicine, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden (Dr Bohman), or Washington University School of Medicine, PO Box 14109, St Louis, MO 63178 (Dr Cloninger).
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