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C. Robert Cloninger, MD; Ronald L. Martin, MD; Samuel B. Guze, MD; Paula J. Clayton, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42(1):15-25.

Abstract
• We showed that schizophrenia was a discrete disorder by using a quantitative clinical scale that discriminated schizophrenics from other subjects in a prospective follow-up and family study of 500 psychiatric outpatients. Four symptoms tended to occur together as a stable syndrome throughout the six- to 12-year follow-up: persecutory delusions, delusions of control, firmly fixed mood-incongruent delusions, and auditory hallucinations. Scale scores were computed as the number of these four symptoms that was present less one if there was a history of spending sprees with marked elation. More than 68% of the schizophrenics and fewer than 2% of nonschizophrenics had scores of +2 or greater. The distribution of scores was bimodal: persons with scores of +1 were relatively rare. Also, there was familial resemblance for the presence or absence of schizophrenia, but no additional resemblance for the number of schizophrenic symptoms. Despite this relative discreteness, scale scores were valuable for quantifying the certainty of diagnosis and predicting outcome.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (Drs Cloninger, Martin, Guze, and Clayton), and the Jewish Hospital, St Louis (Dr Cloninger). Dr Martin is now with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Dr Clayton is now with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication May 1, 1984.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, Jewish Hospital of St Louis, 216 S Kingshighway Blvd, PO Box 14109, St Louis, MO 63178 (Dr Cloninger).

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