This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Differences in Brain Weight, Temporal Horn Area, and Parahippocampal Gyrus Compared With Affective Disorder

Rosemary Brown; Nigel Colter; J. A. Nicholas Corsellis, FRCPath; Timothy J. Crow, PhD, FRCPsych; Christopher D. Frith, PhD; Roger Jagoe; Eve C. Johnstone, MD, FRCPsych

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43(1):36-42.

Abstract
• The brains of 232 patients with a case-note diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder who died in one mental hospital over a period of 22 years were weighed, and were assessed in a coronal section at the level of the interventricular foramina. From this sample were eliminated the brains of patients whose illnesses did not meet the Washington University criteria for a diagnosis of definite schizophrenia or primary affective disorder and those brains that showed significant histopathologic evidence of Alzheimer's-type change or cerebrovascular disease. This left a sample of 41 patients with schizophrenia and 29 patients with affective disorder. With age, sex, and year of birth controlled for, the brains of the patients with schizophrenia (1) were 6% lighter, (2) had lateral ventricles that were larger in the anterior (by 19%), and particularly in the temporal, (by 97%) horn cross section, and (3) had significantly thinner parahippocampal cortices (by 11%). The findings provide postmortem confirmation of reports of ventricular enlargement in radiological studies and suggest that such enlargement is associated with tissue loss in the temporal lobe. The changes in schizophrenia were of a lesser degree than those seen in a sample of brains of patients with Alzheimer's-type dementia and Huntington's chorea.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Neuropathology, Runwell Hospital, Wickford, England (Ms Brown and Dr Corsellis); the Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, England (Messers Colter and Jagoe and Drs Crow, Frith, and Johnstone); and Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (Ms Marsh). Ms Marsh was the recipient of a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Dec 18, 1984.

Reprint requests to CRC Division of Psychiatry, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, England HAI 3UJ UK (Dr Crow).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Middle-ear disease and schizophrenia: case-control study
Mason et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2008;193:192-196.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

What Happens After the First Episode? A Review of Progressive Brain Changes in Chronically Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
Hulshoff Pol and Kahn
Schizophr Bull 2008;34:354-366.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Limbic Structures and Networks in Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia
White et al.
Schizophr Bull 2008;34:18-29.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal and Parahippocampal Volumes in Schizophrenia: A Structural MRI Study
Sim et al.
Schizophr Bull 2006;32:332-340.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Regional Deficits in Brain Volume in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Voxel-Based Morphometry Studies
Honea et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:2233-2245.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Myelin-Related Dysfunction
Davis et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:443-456.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smaller Frontal Gray Matter Volume in Postmortem Schizophrenic Brains
Selemon et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1983-1991.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sudden death and suicide: a comparison of brain weight
HAMILTON and McMAHON
Br. J. Psychiatry 2002;181:72-75.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estimated Neuronal Populations and Volumes of the Hippocampus and Its Subfields in Schizophrenia
Walker et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:821-828.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Amygdala volume in schizophrenia: post-mortem study and review of magnetic resonance imaging findings
CHANCE et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2002;180:331-338.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fetal Hypoxia and Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Controls
Cannon et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:35-41.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neuroanatomical studies on bipolar disorder
BAUMANN and BOGERTS
Br. J. Psychiatry 2001;178 :s142-s147.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Brain weight in suicide: An exploratory study
SALIB and TADROS
Br. J. Psychiatry 2000;177:257-261.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Temporolimbic Volume Reductions in Schizophrenia
Gur et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:769-775.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relationship of Obstetric Complications and Differences in Size of Brain Structures in Monozygotic Twin Pairs Discordant for Schizophrenia
McNeil et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:203-212.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Anomalous Asymmetry of Fusiform and Parahippocampal Gyrus Gray Matter in Schizophrenia: A Postmortem Study
McDonald et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:40-47.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Invited commentary on: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk: The genetics of asymmetry and psychosis
CROW
Br. J. Psychiatry 2000;176:61-63.
FULL TEXT  

The neuropathology of schizophrenia: A critical review of the data and their interpretation
Harrison
Brain 1999;122:593-624.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: a post-mortem study
Highley et al.
Brain 1999;122:99-110.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Forgetting rates in neuropsychiatric disorders
Lewis and Kopelman
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1998;65:890-898.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Regional Gray Matter, White Matter, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Distributions in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Controls
Cannon et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1084-1091.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Considering the Role of the Amygdala in Psychotic Illness: A Clinicopathological Correlation
Fudge et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 1998;10:383-394.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Meta-analytic Study
Nelson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:433-440.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sexual selection as the mechanism of evolution of Machiavellian intelligence: a Darwinian theory of the origins of psychosis
Crow
J Psychopharmacol 1996;10:77-87.
 

Glutamate Receptor Dysfunction and Schizophrenia
Olney and Farber
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:998-1007.
ABSTRACT  

Constraints on Concepts of Pathogenesis: Language and the Speciation Process as the Key to the Etiology of Schizophrenia
Crow
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:1011-1014.
ABSTRACT  

Abnormally High Neuronal Density in the Schizophrenic Cortex: A Morphometric Analysis of Prefrontal Area 9 and Occipital Area 17
Selemon et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:805-818.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenia and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Neuropsychological Analysis
Gold et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:265-272.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenia
Carpenter and Buchanan
NEJM 1994;330:681-690.
FULL TEXT  

Progress in Psychiatry- First of Two Parts
Michels and Marzuk
NEJM 1993;329:552-560.
FULL TEXT  

Distorted Distribution of Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate--Diaphorase Neurons in Temporal Lobe of Schizophrenics Implies Anomalous Cortical Development
Akbarian et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:178-187.
ABSTRACT  

Auditory P300 Abnormalities and Left Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia
McCarley et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:190-197.
ABSTRACT  

Advancing a Neurodevelopmental Origin for Schizophrenia
Bloom
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:224-227.
ABSTRACT  

Quantitative Cerebral Anatomy in Depression: A Controlled Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Coffey et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:7-16.
ABSTRACT  

Brain Morphology and Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Limbic, Prefrontal Cortex, and Caudate Structures
Breier et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:921-926.
ABSTRACT  

Volumes of Ventricular System Subdivisions Measured From Magnetic Resonance Images in First-Episode Schizophrenic Patients
Degreef et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:531-537.
ABSTRACT  

Psychiatric Disturbances in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Insights Into the Neurobiology of Psychosis
Hyde et al.
Arch Neurol 1992;49:401-406.
ABSTRACT  

Infants at Risk for Schizophrenia: Sequelae of a Genetic Neurointegrative Defect: A Review and Replication Analysis of Pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study
Fish et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:221-235.
ABSTRACT  

Abnormal Reinnervation as a Basis for Schizophrenia: A Hypothesis
Stevens
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:238-243.
ABSTRACT  

Merck, Sharp & Dohme Prize for Young Psychopharmacologists: A history of frontal and temporal lobe aspects of the neuropharmacology of schizophrenia
Kerwin
J Psychopharmacol 1992;6:230-240.
ABSTRACT  

Corpus Callosum Agenesis and Psychosis in Andermann Syndrome
Filteau et al.
Arch Neurol 1991;48:1275-1280.
ABSTRACT  

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Lenticular Nuclei and Cerebral Cortex in Schizophrenia
Jernigan et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:881-890.
ABSTRACT  

Evidence of Reduced Temporolimbic Structure Volumes in Schizophrenia
BOGERTS et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:956-957.
ABSTRACT  

Some Cytoarchitectural Abnormalities of the Entorhinal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Arnold et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:625-632.
ABSTRACT  

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Schizophrenia: I. Volumetric Analysis of Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Gur et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:407-412.
ABSTRACT  

Crow's 'Lateralization Hypothesis' for Schizophrenia
Weinberger et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:85-85.
ABSTRACT  

Limbic Structures and Lateral Ventricle in Schizophrenia: A Quantitative Postmortem Study
Heckers et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1016-1022.
ABSTRACT  

The Hippocampus and Parahippocampus in Schizophrenic, Suicide, and Control Brains
Altshuler et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1029-1034.
ABSTRACT  

Neuropsychological Assessment of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia
Goldberg et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1066-1072.
ABSTRACT  

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Schizophrenia: The Pathophysiologic Significance of Structural Abnormalities
Andreasen et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:35-44.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenia as an Anomaly of Development of Cerebral Asymmetry: A Postmortem Study and a Proposal Concerning the Genetic Basis of the Disease
Crow et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1145-1150.
ABSTRACT  

Hippocampal Pathologic Findings in Schizophrenia: A Morphometric Study
Jeste and Lohr
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1019-1024.
ABSTRACT  

A Quantitative Investigation of Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Size, Shape, and Variability of Orientation in Schizophrenia
Christison et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1027-1032.
ABSTRACT  

Ventricle-Brain Ratio, Computed Tomographic Density, and Brain Area in 50 Schizophrenics
Pearlson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:690-697.
ABSTRACT  

CT Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study of Their Correlations With P300/P200 Electrophysiological Features and Positive/Negative Symptoms
McCarley et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:698-708.
ABSTRACT  

Dyslexia and Neurodevelopmental Pathology: Relationships to Cognition, Intelligence, and Reading Skill Acquisition
Hynd and Semrud-Clikeman
J Learn Disabil 1989;22:204-216.
ABSTRACT  

Computed Tomographic Evidence for Generalized Sulcal and Ventricular Enlargement in Schizophrenia
Pfefferbaum et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:633-640.
ABSTRACT  

Quantitative Neuroanatomy in Schizophrenia: A Controlled Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Kelsoe et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:533-541.
ABSTRACT  

Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Orientation in Schizophrenia: A Controlled Neurohistologic Study of the Yakovlev Collection
Altshuler et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:1094-1098.
ABSTRACT  

Increased Vertical Axon Numbers in Cingulate Cortex of Schizophrenics
Benes et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:1017-1021.
ABSTRACT  

White Matter Reduction in the Parahippocampal Gyrus of Patients With Schizophrenia
Colter et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:1023-1023.
ABSTRACT  

An Analysis of the Arrangement of Neurons in the Cingulate Cortex of Schizophrenic Patients
Benes and Bird
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:608-616.
ABSTRACT  

Left Cerebral Hemisphere Hypodensity in Discordant Schizophrenic Twins: A Controlled Study
Reveley et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:625-632.
ABSTRACT  

Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Weinberger
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:660-669.
ABSTRACT  

Biological issues in schizophrenia
Barnes
Science 1987;235:430-433.
 

Is it possible to model psychotic states in animals?
Iversen
J Psychopharmacol 1987;1:154-176.