This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Behavioral, Physiologic, and Biochemical Effects of Carbon Dioxide in Patients With Panic Disorders and Healthy Subjects

Scott W. Woods, MD; Dennis S. Charney, MD; Wayne K. Goodman, MD; George R. Heninger, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(1):43-52.

Abstract
• Carbon dioxide was administered for 15 minutes to patients with panic disorders (5% CO2, n =14) and healthy subjects (5% CO₂, n =11; 7.5% CO₂, n = 8). Following administration of CO₂ and air placebo, changes in behavioral ratings, vital signs, and plasma levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin were measured over three hours. In the healthy subjects, CO₂ produced dose-related increases in anxiety, somatic symptoms, vital signs, and plasma cortisol levels. In the patients, the frequency of panic attacks (in eight of 14 patients) and the increases in anxiety and somatic symptoms induced by 5% CO₂ exceeded those in the healthy subjects and were similar to those induced by 7.5% CO₂ in the healthy subjects. The physiologic and biochemical measurements obtained did not elucidate the mechanisms underlying CO₂-induced anxiety or the greater anxiogenic effects of CO₂ seen in patients with panic disorders.

Author Affiliations
From the Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, and the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Feb 2, 1987.

Reprint requests to Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06508 (Dr Woods).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Characterization of a 7% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation paradigm to evoke anxiety symptoms in healthy subjects
Poma et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2005;19:494-503.
ABSTRACT  

CO2 challenge results in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation in healthy volunteers
van Duinen et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2005;19:243-247.
ABSTRACT  

Does the Brain Noradrenaline Network Mediate the Effects of the CO2 Challenge?
Bailey et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2003;17:252-259.
ABSTRACT  

Salivary Cortisol in Panic Attacks
Bandelow et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:454-456.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Enhancement of CO2-Induced Anxiety in Healthy Volunteers With the Serotonin Antagonist Metergoline
Ben-Zion et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1999;156:1635-1637.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Modification of Breathing Behavior: Pavlovian and Operant Control in Emotion and Cognition
Ley
Behav Modif 1999;23:441-479.
ABSTRACT  

Transient Depressive Relapse Induced by Catecholamine Depletion: Potential Phenotypic Vulnerability Marker?
Berman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:395-403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Catecholamine Depletion on Antidepressant-Induced Remission of Depression
Miller et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:117-128.
ABSTRACT  

Serotonin and the Neurobiology of Depression: Effects of Tryptophan Depletion in Drug-Free Depressed Patients
Delgado et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:865-874.
ABSTRACT  

Tryptophan Depletion in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Who Respond to Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Barr et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:309-317.
ABSTRACT  

False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions: An Integrative Hypothesis
Klein
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:306-317.
ABSTRACT  

Endocrine, Cardiovascular, and Behavioral Effects of Intravenous Protirelin in Patients With Panic Disorder
Stein and Uhde
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:148-156.
ABSTRACT  

Serotonin Function and the Mechanism of Antidepressant Action: Reversal of Antidepressant-Induced Remission by Rapid Depletion of Plasma Tryptophan
Delgado et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:411-418.
ABSTRACT  

Cholecystokinin Tetrapeptide Induces Panic-like Attacks in Healthy Volunteers: Preliminary Findings
de Montigny
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:511-517.
ABSTRACT  

Cortisol and Sodium Lactate--Induced Panic
Hollander et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:135-140.
ABSTRACT  

The Influence of an Illusion of Control on Panic Attacks Induced via Inhalation of 5.5% Carbon Dioxide-Enriched Air
Sanderson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:157-162.
ABSTRACT