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Behavioral Inhibition in Children of Parents With Panic Disorder and AgoraphobiaA Controlled Study
Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, MD;
Joseph Biederman, MD;
Michelle Gersten, EdD;
Dina R. Hirshfeld;
Susan R. Meminger, PhD;
John B. Herman, MD;
Jerome Kagan, PhD;
J. Steven Reznick, PhD;
Nancy Snidman, PhD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(5):463-470.
Abstract
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• To investigate the role of "behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar" as an early temperamental characteristic of children at risk for adult panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDAG), we compared children of parents with PDAG with those from psychiatric comparison groups. Fifty-six children aged 2 to 7 years, matched for age, socioeconomic status, ethnic background, and ordinal position, were blindly evaluated at the Harvard Infant Study laboratory, Cambridge, Mass. The rates of behavioral inhibition in children of probands with PDAG, with or without comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD), were significantly higher than for our comparison group without PDAG. Further, the data suggest a progression of increasing rates of inhibition from the comparison group without MDD (15.4%), to MDD (50.0%), and to comorbid PDAG and MDD (70%) and PDAG (84.6%). In contrast, the rate of behavioral inhibition in children of probands with MDD did not meaningfully differ from the comparison group without MDD. Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar, as defined and measured in the previous work of the Harvard Infant Study program, is highly prevalent in the offspring of adults in treatment for PDAG. These children appear to be at risk for distress and disability in childhood and also perhaps for development of psychiatric disorder in later childhood and adulthood.
Author Affiliations
From the Clinical Psychopharmacology and Psychosomatic Medicine Units (Drs Rosenbaum, Biederman, Meminger, and Herman and Ms Hirshfeld), Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Child Psychiatry Service (Drs Biederman and Gersten), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass (Drs Kagan, Reznick, and Snidman).
Footnotes
Accepted for publication Oct 23, 1988.
Read in part at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association (New Research Section), Chicago, May 14, 1987.
Reprint requests to Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, WACC 715, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman St, Boston, MA 02114 (Dr Rosenbaum).
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