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  Vol. 45 No. 9, September 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Clozapine for the Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenic

A Double-blind Comparison With Chlorpromazine

John Kane, MD; Gilbert Honigfeld, PhD; Jack Singer, MD; Herbert Meltzer, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(9):789-796.


Abstract



• The treatment of schizophrenic patients who fail to respond to adequate trials of neuroleptics is a major challenge. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, has long been of scientific interest, but its clinical development has been delayed because of an associated risk of agranulocytosis. This report describes a multicenter clinical trial to assess clozapine's efficacy in the treatment of patients who are refractory to neuroleptics. DSM-III schizophrenics who had failed to respond to at least three different neuroleptics underwent a prospective, single-blind trial of haloperidol (mean dosage, 61 ±14 mg/d) for six weeks. Patients whose condition remained unimproved were then randomly assigned, in a double-blind manner, to clozapine (up to 900 mg/d) or chlorpromazine (up to 1800 mg/d) for six weeks. Two hundred sixty-eight patients were entered in the doubleblind comparison. When a priori criteria were used, 30% of the clozapine-treated patients were categorized as responders compared with 4% of chlorpromazine-treated patients. Clozapine produced significantly greater improvement on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation; this improvement included "negative" as well as positive symptom areas. Although no cases of agranulocytosis occurred during this relatively brief study, in our view, the apparently increased comparative risk requires that the use of clozapine be limited to selected treatment-resistant patients.



Author Affiliations



From the Department of Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital—Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Glen Oaks, NY (Dr Kane); the Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook (Dr Kane); the Department of Medical Research, the Sandoz Research Institute, East Hanover, NJ (Drs Honigfeld and Singer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey—Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway (Dr Singer); and the Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland (Dr Meltzer). The members of the Clozaril Collaborative Study Group are as follows: Joyce Small, MD, Indianapolis; Richard Borison, MD, Augusta, Ga; Rob Conley, MD, Pittsburgh; Richard Wagner, MD, Providence, RI; Jan Volavka, MD, New York; John Rotrosen, MD, New York; Donald Seidel, MD, San Antonio, Tex; Larry Ereshefsky, Pharm D, San Antonio, Tex; Jerome Costa, MD, Norwalk, Calif; John Herrera, PhD, Norwalk, Calif; Samuel Gershon, MD, Detroit; Neil Hartman, MD, Los Angeles; George Simpson, MD, Philadelphia; Richard Abrams, MD, Chicago; Benjamin Graber, MD, Omaha; and Martha Martin, MD, Washington, DC.


Footnotes



Accepted for publication March 9, 1988.

Read in part before the 140th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Chicago, May 14, 1987.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, PO Box 38, Glen Oaks, NY 11004 (Dr Kane).



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