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A Replication and Extension

John R. Hughes, MD; Steven W. Gust, PhD; Kelli Skoog; Robert M. Keenan, PhD; James W. Fenwick, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(1):52-59.

Abstract
• Smokers (n = 315) who wished to quit were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to groups using either nicotine or placebo gum. Self-reported and observed symptoms of tobacco withdrawal were collected before cessation and at follow-ups of 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months. Self-reported and/or observed anger, anxiety, craving, difficulty concentrating, hunger, impatience, and restlessness were the most prominent symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. These symptoms had returned to precessation levels by 1 month except increased weight, hunger, and craving continued for 6 months in many smokers. Nicotine gum decreased most symptoms, including craving and hunger but not weight. Abstinent smokers with more intense withdrawal were not more likely to relapse. Abstinent smokers who gained more weight were less likely to relapse.

Author Affiliations
From the Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Family Practice (Dr Hughes), and Medical Biostatistics (Dr Fenwick), University of Vermont, Burlington; the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Dr Gust), Bethesda, Md; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology (Ms Skoog and Dr Keenan), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication February 13, 1990.

Read before the annual meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Boston, Mass, November 17, 1987.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 (Dr Hughes).

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