This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

II. Two-Year Effects of a Controlled Study on Relapse and Adjustment

Gerard E. Hogarty, MSW; Carol M. Anderson, PhD; Douglas J. Reiss, PhD; Sander J. Kornblith, PhD; Deborah P. Greenwald, PhD; Richard F. Ulrich, MS; Mary Carter, PhD; The Environmental-Personal Indicators in the Course of Schizophrenia (EPICS) Research Group

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(4):340-347.

Abstract
• We demonstrated earlier that a novel family psychoeducational approach and an individual social skills training approach designed for patients living in high—expressed emotion households each reduced schizophrenic relapse by one-half when compared with medication controls in the 1st year after hospital discharge. The combination of treatments resulted in no relapse. Results have now been obtained after 2 years of continuous treatment. By 24 months, a persistent and significant effect of family intervention on forestalling relapse was observed, but the effect of social skills training was lost late in the 2nd year. There was no additive effect on relapse that accrued to the combination of treatments. Beyond 2 years, however, the effect of family intervention was likely compromised as well. Treatment effects on the adjustment of survivors were circumscribed, due, in part, to study design characteristics. Effects generally favored the social skills-alone condition at 1 year and the family condition or combined family/social skills condition at 2 years.

Author Affiliations
From the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh (Pa) School of Medicine.

Footnotes
Accepted for publication May 31, 1990.

Reprint requests to Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (Mr Hogarty).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Gerard E. Hogarty (1935 2006): Combining Science and Humanism to Improve the Care of Persons With Schizophrenia
Eack et al.
Schizophr Bull 2007;33:1056-1062.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Durability and Mechanism of Effects of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy
Hogarty et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57:1751-1757.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Self-Injury and Postvention: Responding to the Family in Crisis
Trepal et al.
The Family Journal 2006;14:342-348.
ABSTRACT  

Psychoeducation in Schizophrenia--Results of a Survey of All Psychiatric Institutions in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
Rummel-Kluge et al.
Schizophr Bull 2006;32:765-775.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychoeducation: A Basic Psychotherapeutic Intervention for Patients With Schizophrenia and Their Families
Bauml et al.
Schizophr Bull 2006;32:S1-S9.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Efficacy of Psychological Therapy in Schizophrenia: Conclusions From Meta-analyses
Pfammatter et al.
Schizophr Bull 2006;32:S64-S80.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Perceived Benefits and Difficulties Experienced in a Mutual Support Group for Family Carers of People With Schizophrenia
Chien et al.
Qual Health Res 2006;16:962-981.
ABSTRACT  

The Potential Impact of the Recovery Movement on Family Interventions for Schizophrenia: Opportunities and Obstacles
Glynn et al.
Schizophr Bull 2006;32:451-463.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Multiple-Family Group Treatment for English- and Vietnamese-Speaking Families Living With Schizophrenia
Bradley et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57:521-530.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Review
Turkington et al.
Focus 2006;4:223.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Treatment Matching in the Posthospital Care of Depressed Patients
Miller et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:2131-2138.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Empirically Supported Family and Peer Interventions for Dual Disorders
Moore
Research on Social Work Practice 2005;15:231-245.
ABSTRACT  

Support, Empowerment, and Education: A Study of Multiple Family Group Psychoeducation
Ruffolo et al.
Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 2005;13:200-212.
ABSTRACT  

Comply With Us: Improving Medication Adherence
Tabor and Lopez
Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2004;17:167-181.
ABSTRACT  

The Effect of Family Interventions on Relapse and Rehospitalization in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis
Pitschel-Walz et al.
Focus 2004;2:78-94.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Three-Year Trials of Personal Therapy Among Schizophrenic Patients Living With or Independent of Family, I: Description of Study and Effects on Relapse Rates
Hogarty et al.
Focus 2004;2:146-157.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Randomized Study of Family-Focused Psychoeducation and Pharmacotherapy in the Outpatient Management of Bipolar Disorder
Miklowitz et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:904-912.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence in Schizophrenia
Zygmunt et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1653-1664.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Service Use Among Patients With Schizophrenia in Psychoeducational Multiple-Family Group Treatment
Dyck et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2002;53:749-754.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Fate of Integrated Treatment: Whatever Happened to the Biopsychosocial Psychiatrist?
Gabbard and Kay
Am. J. Psychiatry 2001;158:1956-1963.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predictors of Dissemination of Family Psychoeducation in Community Mental Health Centers in Maine and Illinois
McFarlane et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2001;52:935-942.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Psychosocial Treatment of Schizophrenia: An Update
Bustillo et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2001;158:163-175.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Management of Negative Symptoms Among Patients With Schizophrenia Attending Multiple-Family Groups
Dyck et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2000;51:513-519.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Schizophrenia: early warning signs
Birchwood et al.
Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 2000;6:93-101.
FULL TEXT  

A Program for Relapse Prevention in Schizophrenia: A Controlled Study
Herz et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:277-283.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Peeking Through the Door to the 21st Century
Frank and Kupfer
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:83-85.
FULL TEXT  

Rehab Rounds : Optimal Treatment for Psychosis in an International Multisite Demonstration Project
Falloon and The Optimal Treatment Project Collaborators
Psychiatr. Serv. 1999;50:615-618.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Skills Training Versus Psychosocial Occupational Therapy for Persons With Persistent Schizophrenia
Liberman et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:1087-1091.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Measuring the Quality of Outpatient Treatment for Schizophrenia
Young et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:611-617.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Partial Responder to Antipsychotic Medications: Putting the Pieces together
Molloy
J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 1998;4:S10-S17.
ABSTRACT  

Three-Year Trials of Personal Therapy Among Schizophrenic Patients Living With or Independent of Family, I: Description of Study and Effects on Relapse Rates
Hogarty et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1997;154:1504-1513.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Three-Year Trials of Personal Therapy Among Schizophrenic Patients Living With or Independent of Family, II: Effects on Adjustment of Patients
Hogarty et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1997;154:1514-1524.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relapse and Rehospitalization During Maintenance Treatment of Schizophrenia: The Effects of Dose Reduction and Family Treatment
Schooler et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:453-463.
ABSTRACT  

Behavior Therapy Empowers Persons with Severe Mental Illness
Corrigan
Behav Modif 1997;21:45-61.
ABSTRACT  

Structured Group Work for Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Coping Skills Approach
Bradshaw
Research on Social Work Practice 1996;6:139-154.
ABSTRACT  

Research-Based Family Interventions for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Gingerich and Bellack
Research on Social Work Practice 1996;6:122-126.
ABSTRACT  

Multiple-Family Groups and Psychoeducation in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
McFarlane et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:679-687.
ABSTRACT  

Evolving Views of Mental Disorders and Their Treatment
Leshner
Arch Fam Med 1993;2:787-790.
ABSTRACT  

The de Facto US Mental and Addictive Disorders Service System: Epidemiologic Catchment Area Prospective 1-Year Prevalence Rates of Disorders and Services
Regier et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:85-94.
ABSTRACT  

Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia?
BELLACK and MUESER
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:76-76.
ABSTRACT  

Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia?-Reply
HOGARTY et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:76-77.
ABSTRACT