You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT ARCHIVES
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 49 No. 12, December 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  Archives
  •  Online Features
  ORIGINAL ARTICLES
 This Article
 •References
 •Full text PDF
 • Reply to article
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Similar articles in this journal
 Social Bookmarking
  Add to CiteULike Add to Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Add to Digg Add to Reddit Add to Technorati Add to Twitter What's this?

Brain Morphology and Schizophrenia

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Limbic, Prefrontal Cortex, and Caudate Structures

Alan Breier, MD; Robert W. Buchanan, MD; Ahmed Elkashef, MD; Robert C. Munson; Brian Kirkpatrick, MD; Fouad Gellad, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(12):921-926.


Abstract

• We used magnetic resonance imaging to examine the morphologic characteristics of the amygdala/hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and caudate nucleus in 29 healthy volunteers matched for age, gender, and head of household socioeconomic status and 44 patients with chronic schizophrenia. Total volumes of these structures were determined from 3-mm contiguous coronal sections. Schizophrenic patients, compared with healthy controls, had significantly smaller right and left amygdala/hippocampal complex volumes, smaller right and left prefrontal volumes, and larger left caudate volumes. A secondary analysis revealed reductions in the right and left amygdala and the left hippocampus. In addition, prefrontal white matter, but not gray matter, was reduced in the schizophrenic patients. Moreover, the right white matter volume in schizophrenic patients was significantly related to right amygdala/hippocampal volume (r=.39), data that provide preliminary support for a hypothesis of abnormal limbic-cortical connection in schizophrenia. We studied the implications of these data for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.



Author Affiliations

From the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Drs Breier, Buchanan, and Kirkpatrick and Mr Munson); National Institute of Mental Health Neuroscience Center at St Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, DC (Dr Elkashef); and the Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Dr Gellad).


Footnotes

Accepted for publication June 8, 1992.

Reprint requests to the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, PO Box 21237, Baltimore, MD 21228 (Dr Breier).



Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Antipsychotic Drugs: Comparison in Animal Models of Efficacy, Neurotransmitter Regulation, and Neuroprotection
Lieberman et al.
Pharmacol. Rev. 2008;60:358-403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

White matter volume changes in people who develop psychosis
Walterfang et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2008;193:210-215.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Internal Capsule Size in Good-Outcome and Poor-Outcome Schizophrenia
Brickman et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2006;18:364-376.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Voeller
J Child Neurol 2004;19:798-814.
ABSTRACT  

MRI Assessment of Gray and White Matter Distribution in Brodmann's Areas of the Cortex in Patients With Schizophrenia With Good and Poor Outcomes
Mitelman et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:2154-2168.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Relationship of Clozapine and Haloperidol Treatment Response to Prefrontal, Hippocampal, and Caudate Brain Volumes
Arango et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:1421-1427.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Myelin-Related Dysfunction
Davis et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:443-456.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Compounded Brain Volume Deficits in Schizophrenia-Alcoholism Comorbidity
Mathalon et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:245-252.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal Deformities in Schizophrenia Characterized by High Dimensional Brain Mapping
Csernansky et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:2000-2006.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

MRI Study of Caudate Nucleus Volume and Its Cognitive Correlates in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients With Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Levitt et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1190-1197.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Gene Expression Profile for Schizophrenia: Discrete Neuron Transcription Patterns in the Entorhinal Cortex
Hemby et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:631-640.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Estimated Neuronal Populations and Volumes of the Hippocampus and Its Subfields in Schizophrenia
Walker et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:821-828.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Amygdala volume in schizophrenia: post-mortem study and review of magnetic resonance imaging findings
CHANCE et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2002;180:331-338.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural MRI volumetric analysis in patients with organic amnesia, 1: methods and comparative findings across diagnostic groups
Colchester et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2001;71:13-22.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dopamine Attenuates Prefrontal Cortical Suppression of Sensory Inputs to the Basolateral Amygdala of Rats
Rosenkranz and Grace
J. Neurosci. 2001;21:4090-4103.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neuropathological abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from magnetization transfer imaging
Foong et al.
Brain 2001;124:882-892.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Schizophrenia and the frontal lobes: Post-mortem stereological study of tissue volume
HIGHLEY et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2001;178:337-343.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Abnormalities in Frontal, Temporal, and Limbic Regions and Interconnecting White Matter Tracts in Schizophrenic Patients With Prominent Negative Symptoms
Sigmundsson et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2001;158:234-243.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reduced Dorsal and Orbital Prefrontal Gray Matter Volumes in Schizophrenia
Gur et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:761-768.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Temporolimbic Volume Reductions in Schizophrenia
Gur et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:769-775.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Developmentally Reduced Synaptic Connectivity
McGlashan and Hoffman
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:637-648.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Volumetric Measure of the Frontal and Temporal Lobe Regions in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Negative Symptoms
Sanfilipo et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:471-480.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients With Schizophrenia and Their Healthy Siblings
Staal et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:416-421.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Decreased Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase67 Messenger RNA Expression in a Subset of Prefrontal Cortical {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Neurons in Subjects With Schizophrenia
Volk et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:237-245.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Schizophrenia and Significance of Motor Symptoms
Krüger et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2000;12:16-24.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Meta-Analysis of Regional Brain Volumes in Schizophrenia
Wright et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:16-25.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Disturbed Gyrification of the Prefrontal Region in Male Schizophrenic Patients: A Morphometric Postmortem Study
Vogeley et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:34-39.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Unitary Model of Schizophrenia: Bleuler's "Fragmented Phrene" as Schizencephaly
Andreasen
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:781-787.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Change in Basal Ganglia Volume Over 2 Years in Patients With Schizophrenia: Typical Versus Atypical Neuroleptics
Corson et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1999;156:1200-1204.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Supra-regional Brain Systems and the Neuropathology of Schizophrenia
Wright et al.
Cereb Cortex 1999;9:366-378.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cortical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Identified by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Goldstein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:537-547.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Gender Differences in Temporal Lobe Structures of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Volumetric MRI Study
Bryant et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1999;156:603-609.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Topical Review: Functional Brain Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood
O'Tuama et al.
J Child Neurol 1999;14:207-221.
ABSTRACT  

Compromised White Matter Tract Integrity in Schizophrenia Inferred From Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Lim et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:367-374.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal Volume in First-Episode Psychoses and Chronic Schizophrenia: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Velakoulis et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:133-141.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Subcortical MRI Volumes in Neuroleptic-Naive and Treated Patients With Schizophrenia
Gur et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:1711-1717.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Common Pattern of Cortical Pathology in Childhood-Onset and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia as Identified by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
Bertolino et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:1376-1383.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lower Left Temporal Lobe MRI Volumes in Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia Compared With Psychotic Patients With First-Episode Affective Disorder and Normal Subjects
Hirayasu et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:1384-1391.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal morphometry in schizophrenia by high dimensional brain mapping
Csernansky et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998;95:11406-11411.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Evaluation of the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Buchanan et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:1049-1055.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Magnetic Resonance Image Averaging in Schizophrenia
Wolkin et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:1064-1073.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Decreased Caudate Volume in Neuroleptic-Naive Psychotic Patients
Keshavan et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:774-778.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progressive Reduction of Temporal Lobe Structures in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Jacobsen et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:678-685.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Meta-analytic Study
Nelson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:433-440.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dorsal Striatal Size, Shape, and Metabolic Rate in Never-Medicated and Previously Medicated Schizophrenics Performing a Verbal Learning Task
Shihabuddin et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:235-243.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Follow-up Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Schizophrenia: Relationship of Neuroanatomical Changes to Clinical and Neurobehavioral Measures
Gur et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:145-152.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Men With Severe Chronic Schizophrenia and an Early Age at Clinical Onset
Marsh et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:1104-1112.
ABSTRACT  

Reduction of Synaptophysin Immunoreactivity in the Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects With Schizophrenia: Regional and Diagnostic Specificity
Glantz and Lewis
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:943-952.
ABSTRACT  

Reduction of Synaptophysin Immunoreactivity in the Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects With Schizophrenia: Regional and Diagnostic Specificity
Glantz and Lewis
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:660-669.
ABSTRACT  

Magnetic Source Imaging Evidence of Sex Differences in Cerebral Lateralization in Schizophrenia
Reite et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:433-440.
ABSTRACT  

Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Castellanos et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:607-616.
ABSTRACT  

Brain Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Frazier et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:617-624.
ABSTRACT  

Maldistribution of Interstitial Neurons in Prefrontal White Matter of the Brains of Schizophrenic Patients
Akbarian et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:425-436.
ABSTRACT  

Abnormally High Neuronal Density in the Schizophrenic Cortex: A Morphometric Analysis of Prefrontal Area 9 and Occipital Area 17
Selemon et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:805-818.
ABSTRACT  

Neocortical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
Watson and Meador-Woodruff
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:819-820.
ABSTRACT  

An In Vivo Study of the Prefrontal Cortex of Schizophrenic Patients at Different Stages of Illness via Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Stanley et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:399-406.
ABSTRACT  

In Pursuit of the Molecular Neuropathology of Schizophrenia
Trojanowski and Arnold
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:274-276.
ABSTRACT  

Prefrontal Cortex and Schizophrenia: A Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Wible et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:279-288.
ABSTRACT  

Brain Atrophy or Dystrophy in Schizophrenia: When Did It Happen?
Stevens
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:927-927.
ABSTRACT  

Schizophrenia
Carpenter and Buchanan
NEJM 1994;330:681-690.
FULL TEXT  

Advancing a Neurodevelopmental Origin for Schizophrenia
Bloom
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:224-227.
ABSTRACT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 1992 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.