This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Comorbidity and Morbidity in an Epidemiologic Sample

Franklin R. Schneier, MD; Jim Johnson, PhDt; Christopher D. Hornig; Michael R. Liebowitz, MD; Myrna M. Weissman, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(4):282-288.

Abstract
• Selected sociodemographic and clinical features of social phobia were assessed in four US communities among more than 13 000 adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Rates of social phobia were highest among women and persons who were younger (age, 18 to 29 years), less educated, single, and of lower socioeconomic class. Mean age at onset was 15.5 years, and first onsets after the age of 25 years were uncommon. Lifetime major comorbid disorders were present in 69% of subjects with social phobia and usually had onset after social phobia. When compared with persons with no psychiatric disorder, uncomplicated social phobia was associated with increased rates of suicidal ideation, financial dependency, and having sought medical treatment, but was not associated with higher rates of having made a suicide attempt or having sought treatment from a mental health professional. An increase in suicide attempts was found among subjects with social phobia overall, but this increase was mainly attributable to comorbid cases. Social phobia, in the absence of comorbidity, was associated with distress and impairment, yet was rarely treated by mental health professionals. The findings are compared and contrasted with prior reports from clinical samples.

Author Affiliations
From the Departments of Therapeutics (Drs Schneier and Liebowitz) and Clinical and Genetic Epidemiology (Drs Johnson and Weissman and Mr Hornig), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (Drs Schneier, Johnson, Liebowitz, and Weissman and Mr Hornig).

Footnotes
Accepted for publication June 12, 1991.

Dr Johnson died January 10, 1992.

Reprint requests to Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 (Dr Schneier).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

The New Friends Vignettes: Measuring parental psychological control that confers risk for anxious adjustment in preschoolers
McShane and Hastings
International Journal of Behavioral Development 2009;33:481-495.
ABSTRACT  

Social anxiety disorder in first-episode psychosis: incidence, phenomenology and relationship with paranoia
Michail and Birchwood
Br. J. Psychiatry 2009;195:234-241.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impact of Social Anxiety Disorder on Employment Among Women Receiving Welfare Benefits
Tolman et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2009;60:61-66.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Chapter 9 Anxiety and stress-related disorders
Semple and Smyth
Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 2009;2:med-9780199239467-chapter-med-9780199239467-chapter.
FULL TEXT  

Update on the Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder
Delong and Pollack
Focus 2008;6:431-437.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study
Dalrymple and Herbert
Behav Modif 2007;31:543-568.
ABSTRACT  

Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life
Beesdo et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:903-912.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Clinical practice. Social anxiety disorder.
Schneier
NEJM 2006;355:1029-1036.
FULL TEXT  

Augmentation of exposure therapy with d-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder.
Hofmann et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:298-304.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Anxiety Disorders and Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study of Adults
Sareen et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1249-1257.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Venlafaxine Extended Release vs Placebo and Paroxetine in Social Anxiety Disorder
Liebowitz et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:190-198.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Burden of Social Phobia in a Brazilian Community and its Relationship with Socioeconomic Circumstances, Health Status and Use of Health Services: The Bambui Study
Vorcaro et al.
Int J Soc Psychiatry 2004;50:216-226.
ABSTRACT  

ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS WITH COMORBID PHOBIC DISORDERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN COMORBID PATIENTS, PURE ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT AND PURE PHOBIC PATIENTS
Schade et al.
Alcohol Alcohol 2004;39:241-246.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Social Phobia
Feeney
Clinical Case Studies 2004;3:124-146.
ABSTRACT  

Social Anxiety in Outpatients With Schizophrenia: A Relevant Cause of Disability
Pallanti et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2004;161:53-58.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Genome-Wide Linkage Scan for Loci Predisposing to Social Phobia: Evidence for a Chromosome 16 Risk Locus
Gelernter et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2004;161:59-66.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Left Hemisphere Dysfunction During Verbal Dichotic Listening Tests in Patients Who Have Social Phobia With or Without Comorbid Depressive Disorder
Bruder et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2004;161:72-78.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

From Adaptive Emotion to Dysfunction: An Attachment Perspective on Social Anxiety Disorder
Vertue
Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2003;7:170-191.
ABSTRACT  

Efficacy of Paroxetine for Relapse Prevention in Social Anxiety Disorder: A 24-Week Study
Stein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:1111-1118.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Quality of Life in Social Anxiety Disorder Compared With Panic Disorder and the General Population
Simon et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2002;53:714-718.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk of Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders in Social Phobia: A Prospective Analysis
Crum and Pratt
Am. J. Psychiatry 2001;158:1693-1700.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Gender Differences in Psychophysiological Responses to Speech Stress Among Older Social Phobics:: Congruence and Incongruence Between Self-Evaluative and Cardiovascular Reactions
Grossman et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2001;63:765-777.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Drug Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children
Coyle
NEJM 2001;344:1326-1327.
FULL TEXT  

Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults
Stein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:251-256.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Social Phobia Symptoms, Subtypes, and Severity: Findings From a Community Survey
Stein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:1046-1052.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Disability and Quality of Life in Social Phobia: Epidemiologic Findings
Stein and Kean
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:1606-1613.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Parental Psychopathology, Parenting Styles, and the Risk of Social Phobia in Offspring: A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study
Lieb et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:859-866.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Quality of Life in Individuals With Anxiety Disorders
Mendlowicz and Stein
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:669-682.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Barriers to the Treatment of Social Anxiety
Olfson et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:521-527.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The treatment of social phobia in general practice. Is exposure therapy feasible?
Haug et al.
Fam Pract 2000;17:114-118.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Social Phobia or Social Anxiety Disorder: What's in a Name?
Liebowitz et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:191-192.
FULL TEXT  

The Origins of Social Phobia
Hudson and Rapee
Behav Modif 2000;24:102-129.
ABSTRACT  

Panic Disorder Subtypes: Differential Responses to CO2 Challenge
Biber and Alkln
Am. J. Psychiatry 1999;156:739-744.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy vs Phenelzine Therapy for Social Phobia: 12-Week Outcome
Heimberg et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1133-1141.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Paroxetine Treatment of Generalized Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Stein et al.
JAMA 1998;280:708-713.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Social Phobia Subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:613-619.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Direct-Interview Family Study of Generalized Social Phobia
Stein et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 1998;155:90-97.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive Restructuring in the Treatment of Social Phobia: Efficacy and Mode of Action
Taylor et al.
Behav Modif 1997;21:487-511.
ABSTRACT  

Social phobia: epidemiology, recognition, and treatment
BMJ 1997;315:796-800.
FULL TEXT  

Agoraphobia, Simple Phobia, and Social Phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey
Magee et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:159-168.
ABSTRACT  

Public-Speaking Fears in a Community Sample: Prevalence, Impact on Functioning, and Diagnostic Classification
Stein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:169-174.
ABSTRACT  

Prevalence of Comorbid Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care Outpatients
Sherbourne et al.
Arch Fam Med 1996;5:27-34.
ABSTRACT  

Psychiatric Screening in Geriatric Primary Care: Should It Be for Depression Alone?
Lish et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995;8:141-153.
ABSTRACT  

Is the Comorbidity Between Social Phobia and Panic Disorder Due to Familial Cotransmission or Other Factors?
Horwath et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:574-582.
ABSTRACT  

Generalized Social Phobia: Reliability and Validity
Mannuzza et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:230-237.
ABSTRACT  

The Boundary of Social Phobia: Exploring the Threshold
Davidson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:975-983.
ABSTRACT  

Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Social Phobia: An Evaluative Review
Donohue et al.
Behav Modif 1994;18:262-288.
ABSTRACT