This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Comparisons With Controls or Patients With Schizophrenia

Helio Elkis, MD, PhD; Lee Friedman, PhD; Alexandria Wise; Herbert Y. Meltzer, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(9):735-746.

Abstract
Background
The findings of ventricular enlargement and increased sulcal prominence are well documented in schizophrenia, but the consistency of similar findings in mood disorders is less well appreciated. Reliable documentation of the presence of these structural abnormalities in mood disorders would require a reassessment of their significance for both schizophrenia and mood disorders. In this article, we meta-analytically review the literature on ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal prominence in patients with mood disorders compared with controls and patients with schizophrenia.

Methods
Four meta-analytic reviews were conducted, two comparing patients with mood disorders with normal controls on ventricular enlargement (meta-analysis 1) or sulcal prominence (meta-analysis 2) and two comparing patients with mood disorders with schizophrenic patients on these same measures (meta-analyses 3 and 4).

Results
Meta-analyses 1 and 2 revealed statistically significant (P<.001) moderate composite effect sizes (d) for the comparisons of patients with mood disorders with controls on both ventricular enlargement (d=0.44) and sulcal prominence (d=0.42). Meta-analysis 3 further revealed that patients with schizophrenia have significantly greater ventricular enlargement than patients with mood disorders (P=.002), but the effect size was small (d= -0.20). There were too few studies comparing these patient groups on sulcal prominence to support a quantitative meta-analysis.

Conclusions
This review documents the presence of ventricular enlargement and increased sulcal prominence in mood disorders. Patients with mood disorders have less ventricular enlargement than patients with schizophrenia, but this effect is small. These results reinforce previous suggestions of the nonspecificity of structural brain changes in schizophrenia and mood disorders.

Author Affiliations
From the Departments of Pschiatry, University of So Paulo (Brazil) School of Medicine and Hospital do Servidor Publico Estadual, So Paulo (Dr Elkis), and the Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio (Drs Friedman and Meltzer and Ms Wise).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis
Arnone et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2009;195:194-201.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

What We Know: Findings That Every Theory of Schizophrenia Should Explain
MacDonald and Schulz
Schizophr Bull 2009;35:493-508.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Influence of Genes and Environment on Brain Volumes in Twin Pairs Concordant and Discordant for Bipolar Disorder
van der Schot et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:142-151.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Meta-analysis, Database, and Meta-regression of 98 Structural Imaging Studies in Bipolar Disorder
Kempton et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:1017-1032.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A study of bipolar disorder using magnetization transfer imaging and voxel-based morphometry
Bruno et al.
Brain 2004;127:2433-2440.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Interleukin-1 cluster is associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Papiol et al.
J. Med. Genet. 2004;41:219-223.
FULL TEXT  

Ventricular and Periventricular Structural Volumes in First- Versus Multiple-Episode Bipolar Disorder
Strakowski et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1841-1847.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The neuropathology of primary mood disorder
Harrison
Brain 2002;125:1428-1449.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Case--control study of neurocognitive function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: an association with mania
CAVANAGH et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2002;180:320-326.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The search for the wandering thymostat: a review of some developments in bipolar disorder research
FERRIER et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2001;178 :s103-s106.
FULL TEXT  

The Kraepelinian Dichotomy: Evidence From Developmental and Neuroimaging Studies
Curtis et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2000;12:398-405.
FULL TEXT  

Further Evidence of Relation Between Prenatal Famine and Major Affective Disorder
Brown et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2000;157:190-195.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Meta-analytic Study
Nelson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:433-440.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Molecular and Cellular Theory of Depression
Duman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:597-606.
ABSTRACT  

Developmental Precursors of Affective Illness in a General Population Birth Cohort
van Os et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:625-631.
ABSTRACT  

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression
Goodwin
J Psychopharmacol 1997;11:115-122.
ABSTRACT  

Studies of Ventricular Enlargement
Persaud
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1165-1165.
ABSTRACT  

Studies of Ventricular Enlargement-Reply
Friedman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1166-1167.
ABSTRACT