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A Prospective Longitudinal Study of 266 Outpatients

Dilip V. Jeste, MD; Michael P. Caligiuri, PhD; Jane S. Paulsen, PhD; Robert K. Heaton, PhD; Jonathan P. Lacro, PharmD; M. Jackuelyn Harris, MD; Anne Bailey, MS; Robert L. Fell, MS; Lou Ann McAdams, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(9):756-765.

Abstract
Background
Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a major iatrogenic disorder that is more prevalent among older patients. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for TD in neuroleptic-treated patients over age 45 years.

Methods
We studied 266 middle-aged and elderly outpatients with a median duration of 21 days of total lifetime neuroleptic exposure at study entry. Most patients were treated throughout the study with either a high-potency or a low-potency neuroleptic and maintained on relatively low doses. The patients were followed up at 1- to 3-month intervals with "blind" assessment of psychopathologic condition, clinically as well as instrumentally (ie, using electromechanical sensors with computerized data reduction, including spectral analysis) evaluated movement disorder, and global cognitive function.

Results
Cumulative incidence of TD was 26%, 52%, and 60% after 1,2, and 3 years, respectively. The principal risk factors for TD were duration of prior neuroleptic use at baseline, cumulative amount of high-potency neuroleptics, history of alcohol abuse/dependence, borderline or minimal dyskinesia, and tremor on instrumental assessment.

Conclusion
Use of higher amounts of neuroleptics, particularly high-potency ones, should be avoided in older patients, patients with alcohol abuse/dependence, or patients with a subtle movement disorder at baseline; these patients are at a higher risk of developing TD.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (Drs Jeste, Caligiuri, Paulsen, Heaton, Lacro, Harris, and McAdams, Ms Bailey, and Mr Fell), and San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Drs Jeste, Caligiuri, Paulsen, Lacro, and Harris).

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