This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on ISI (125)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Schizophrenia  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging  • Alert me on articles by topic

Tyrone D. Cannon, PhD; Theo G. M. van Erp, MA; Matti Huttunen, MD, PhD; Jouko Lönnqvist, MD; Oili Salonen, MD, PhD; Leena Valanne, MD; Veli-Pekka Poutanen, MSc; Carl-Gustav Standertskjöld-Nordenstam, MD; Raquel E. Gur, MD, PhD; Michelle Yan, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1084-1091.

Background  Cortical gray matter volume reductions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume increases are robust correlates of schizophrenia, but their sources have not been established conclusively.

Methods  Structured diagnostic interviews and magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain were obtained on 75 psychotic probands (63 with schizophrenia and 12 with schizoaffective disorder), ascertained so as to be representative of all such probands in a Helsinki, Finland, birth cohort; 60 of their nonpsychotic full siblings; and 56 demographically similar control subjects without a personal or family history of treated psychiatric morbidity.

Results  Patients with schizophrenia and their siblings exhibited significant reductions in cortical gray matter volume and significant increases in sulcal CSF volume compared with controls. The patients, but not their siblings, also exhibited significant reductions in white matter volume and significant increases in ventricular CSF volume. Regional effects were most robust when component volumes were expressed as percentages of overall regional volumes; in this case, for patient and sibling groups, gray matter volume reductions and sulcal CSF volume increases were significantly more pronounced in the frontal and temporal lobes than in the remainder of the brain. None of the group differences varied significantly by sex or hemisphere.

Conclusions  Structural alterations of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes, are present in patients with schizophrenia and in some of their siblings without schizophrenia; such changes are thus likely to reflect genetic (or shared environmental) effects. Ventricular enlargement is unique to the clinical phenotype and is thus likely to be affected primarily by nonshared causative factors.

From the Departments of Psychology (Dr Cannon and Mr van Erp) and Psychiatry (Drs Cannon, Gur, and Yan), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and the Department of Mental Health, National Public Health Institute of Finland (Drs Huttunen and Lönnqvist), and the Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki (Drs Salonen, Valanne, and Standertskjöld-Nordenstam and Mr Poutanen), Helsinki, Finland.

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Working memory and DLPFC inefficiency in schizophrenia: The FBIRN study
Potkin et al.
Schizophr Bull 2008;0:sbn162v1-sbn162.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Morphometric Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia in a Population-Based Sample: Relationship to Duration of Illness
Tanskanen et al.
Schizophr Bull 2008;0:sbn141v1-sbn141.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Antipsychotic Drugs: Comparison in Animal Models of Efficacy, Neurotransmitter Regulation, and Neuroprotection
Lieberman et al.
Pharmacol. Rev. 2008;60:358-403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progression of Brain Volume Changes in Adolescent-Onset Psychosis
Reig et al.
Schizophr Bull 2008;0:sbm160v1-sbm160.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Disturbed Structural Connectivity in Schizophrenia Primary Factor in Pathology or Epiphenomenon?
Konrad and Winterer
Schizophr Bull 2008;34:72-92.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cortical Brain Development in Schizophrenia: Insights From Neuroimaging Studies in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Gogtay
Schizophr Bull 2008;34:30-36.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cortical Brain Development in Nonpsychotic Siblings of Patients With Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Gogtay et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:772-780.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Brain Volumes in Relatives of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis
Boos et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:297-304.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Regionally Specific Cortical Thinning and Gray Matter Abnormalities in the Healthy Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients
Goghari et al.
Cereb Cortex 2007;17:415-424.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Smaller neocortical gray matter and larger sulcal cerebrospinal fluid volumes in neuroleptic-naive women with schizotypal personality disorder.
Koo et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:1090-1100.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Genetic Heterogeneity, Modifier Genes, and Quantitative Phenotypes in Psychiatric Illness: Searching for a Framework
Fanous and Kendler
Focus 2006;4:423.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Internal Capsule Size in Good-Outcome and Poor-Outcome Schizophrenia
Brickman et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2006;18:364-376.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neurobiology of early psychosis
KESHAVAN et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2005;187:s8-s18.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Brain Imaging Evidence for Multiple Pathological Processes at Different Stages of Brain Development in Schizophrenia
Pantelis et al.
Schizophr Bull 2005;31:672-696.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neural Correlates of Enhanced Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia
Whalley et al.
Neuroscientist 2005;11:238-249.
ABSTRACT  

Mapping Cortical Thickness and Gray Matter Concentration in First Episode Schizophrenia
Narr et al.
Cereb Cortex 2005;15:708-719.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Genetic Risks for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder With Specific and Generic Brain Structural Endophenotypes
McDonald et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:974-984.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increases in Regional Subarachnoid CSF Without Apparent Cortical Gray Matter Deficits in Schizophrenia: Modulating Effects of Sex and Age
Narr et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:2169-2180.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progressive Brain Volume Loss During Adolescence in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Sporn et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:2181-2189.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reduced Cortical Folding in Schizophrenia: An MRI Morphometric Study
Sallet et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:1606-1613.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progressive Structural Brain Abnormalities and Their Relationship to Clinical Outcome: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Early in Schizophrenia
Ho et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:585-594.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Myelin-Related Dysfunction
Davis et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:443-456.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural Brain MRI Abnormalities in Healthy Siblings of Patients With Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Gogtay et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:569-571.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Computational Morphometric MRI Study of Schizophrenia: Effects of Hallucinations
Shapleske et al.
Cereb Cortex 2002;12:1331-1341.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Contributions of Genetic Risk and Fetal Hypoxia to Hippocampal Volume in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Their Unaffected Siblings, and Healthy Unrelated Volunteers
van Erp et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:1514-1520.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Left Hippocampal Volume as a Vulnerability Indicator for Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphometric Study of Nonpsychotic First-Degree Relatives
Seidman et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:839-849.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Structural magnetic resonance imaging in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, psychotic and severe non-psychotic depression and healthy controls: Results of the Schizophrenia and Affective Psychoses (SAP) project
SALOKANGAS et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2002;181 :s58-s65.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Volume Changes in Gray Matter in Patients With Schizophrenia
Hulshoff Pol et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2002;159:244-250.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impact of Normal Sexual Dimorphisms on Sex Differences in Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Goldstein et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:154-164.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fetal Hypoxia and Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Controls
Cannon et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:35-41.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Focal Gray Matter Density Changes in Schizophrenia
Hulshoff Pol et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:1118-1125.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Emotional Reactivity to Daily Life Stress in Psychosis
Myin-Germeys et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:1137-1144.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Volumes of Brain Structures in Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia
Baare et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:33-40.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Volumetric Measure of the Frontal and Temporal Lobe Regions in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Negative Symptoms
Sanfilipo et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:471-480.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Reduced Gray Matter Volume in Schizophrenia
Gur et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:905-911.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Progressive Cortical Change During Adolescence in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Rapoport et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:649-654.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cortex mapping reveals regionally specific patterns of genetic and disease-specific gray-matter deficits in twins discordant for schizophrenia
Cannon et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002;99:3228-3233.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Morphologic Phenotyping with MR Microscopy: The Visible Mouse
Johnson et al.
Radiology 2002;222:789-793.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT