This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (572)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

Epidemiology, Biology, and Treatment

Dominique L. Musselman, MD; Dwight L. Evans, MD; Charles B. Nemeroff, MD, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:580-592.

This article reviews the burgeoning literature on the relationship of mood disorders and heart disease. Major depression and depressive symptoms, although commonly encountered in medical populations, are frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is of particular importance because several studies have shown depression and its associated symptoms to be a major risk factor for both the development of CVD and death after an index myocardial infarction. This review of the extant literature is derived from MEDLINE searches (1966-1997) using the search terms "major depression," "psychiatry," "cardiovascular disease," and "pathophysiology." Studies investigating pathophysiological alterations related to CVD in depressed patients are reviewed. The few studies on treatment of depression in patients with CVD are also described. Treatment of depression in patients with CVD improves their dysphoria and other signs and symptoms of depression, improves quality of life, and perhaps even increases longevity. Recommendations for future research are proposed.

From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga (Drs Musselman and Nemeroff); and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Dr Evans).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Sex-Specific Association of Depression and a Haplotype in Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Gene
Zhao et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:691-696.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The association of depressive symptoms with survival in a Dutch cohort of patients with end-stage renal disease
Riezebos et al.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;0:gfp383v1-gfp383.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pessimistic, Anxious, and Depressive Personality Traits Predict All-Cause Mortality: The Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Personality and Aging
Grossardt et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:491-500.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptom Dimensions and Cardiovascular Prognosis Among Women With Suspected Myocardial Ischemia: A Report From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation
Linke et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:499-507.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Their Comorbidity as Predictors of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Vietnam Experience Study
Phillips et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:395-403.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Increased Visceral Fat in Middle-Aged Women
Everson-Rose et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:410-416.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and Whole Blood Serotonin in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease From the Heart and Soul Study
Wulsin et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:260-265.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The influences of depression and venlafaxine use at therapeutic doses on atrial conduction
Emul et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:163-167.
ABSTRACT  

Common Genetic Contributions to Depressive Symptoms and Inflammatory Markers in Middle-Aged Men: The Twins Heart Study
Su et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:152-158.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Associations of Depression With C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A Meta-Analysis
Howren et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:171-186.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and cardiovascular health care costs among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: prospective results from the WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) Study.
Rutledge et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:176-183.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and heart disease: What do we know, and where are we headed?
POZUELO et al.
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2009;76:59-70.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Absence of Relation Between Depressive Symptoms and Carotid Intimal Medial Thickness in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Rice et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2009;71:70-76.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

CHAPTER 35 Psychological Factors and Heart Disease
Pedersen et al.
ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 2009;2:med-9780199566990-chapter-med-9780199566990-chapter.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and Anxiety in the United States: Findings From the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Strine et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2008;59:1383-1390.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association Between Major Depressive Disorder and Heart Rate Variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)
Licht et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:1358-1367.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Serum Lipid Fractions in Middle-Aged Men: Physiologic and Health Behavior Links
Igna et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2008;70:960-966.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and Coronary Heart Disease: Recommendations for Screening, Referral, and Treatment: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: Endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association
Lichtman et al.
Circulation 2008;118:1768-1775.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hindlimb unloading elicits anhedonia and sympathovagal imbalance
Moffitt et al.
J. Appl. Physiol. 2008;105:1049-1059.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Invited Commentary: Stress and Mortality
Hotopf et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:492-495.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sildenafil Treatment of Women With Antidepressant-Associated Sexual Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Nurnberg et al.
JAMA 2008;300:395-404.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cardiac Disease, Depressive Symptoms, and Incident Stroke in an Elderly Population
Wouts et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:596-602.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and Cardiac Function in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease: Findings From the Heart and Soul Study
Lett et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2008;70:444-449.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression in Patients With Heart Failure: Prevalence, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and Treatment
Thomas et al.
Crit Care Nurse 2008;28:40-55.
FULL TEXT  

Bibliography for Major Depressive Disorder and Suicide
Focus 2008;6:58-62.
FULL TEXT  

Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Mortality
Kinder et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2008;70:20-26.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Disease: ESRD as a Paradigmatic Illness
Cukor et al.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007;18:3042-3055.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risperidone for Treatment-Refractory Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Trial
Mahmoud et al.
ANN INTERN MED 2007;147:593-602.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

St John's wort versus paroxetine for depression
Jurcic et al.
cfp 2007;53:1511-1513.
FULL TEXT  

Anxiety Predicts Mortality and Morbidity After Coronary Artery and Valve Surgery A 4-Year Follow-Up Study
Szekely et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2007;69:625-631.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression is a Risk Factor for Poor Glycemic Control and Retinopathy in African-Americans With Type 1 Diabetes
Roy et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2007;69:537-542.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychological Sequelae Resulting From the 2004 Florida Hurricanes: Implications for Postdisaster Intervention
Acierno et al.
AJPH 2007;97:S103-S108.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psoriasis and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Alevizos et al.
JAMA 2007;297:361-361.
FULL TEXT  

Psoriasis and Risk of Myocardial Infarction--Reply
Gelfand et al.
JAMA 2007;297:362-363.
FULL TEXT  

Are Mood Disorders a Stroke Risk Factor?
Carod-Artal
Stroke 2007;38:1-3.
FULL TEXT  

Prevalence and Correlates of Major Depressive Disorder in Nigerian Outpatients With Heart Failure
Adewuya et al.
Psychosomatics 2006;47:479-485.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and cardiovascular mortality: a role for n-3 fatty acids?
Kamphuis et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:1513-1517.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies
Nicholson et al.
Eur Heart J 2006;27:2763-2774.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analytic Review of Prevalence, Intervention Effects, and Associations With Clinical Outcomes
Rutledge et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1527-1537.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sustained Elevation of Serum Cortisol Level Causes Sensitization of Coronary Vasoconstricting Responses in Pigs In Vivo: A Possible Link Between Stress and Coronary Vasospasm
Hizume et al.
Circ. Res. 2006;99:767-775.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression Symptom Severity and Reported Treatment History in the Prediction of Cardiac Risk in Women With Suspected Myocardial Ischemia: The NHLBI-Sponsored WISE Study.
Rutledge et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:874-880.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychophysiological and Cortisol Responses to Psychological Stress in Depressed and Nondepressed Older Men and Women With Elevated Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Taylor et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2006;68:538-546.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

TREAD: TReatment with Exercise Augmentation for Depression: study rationale and design
Trivedi et al.
Clin Trials 2006;3:291-305.
ABSTRACT  

Common genetic vulnerability to depressive symptoms and coronary artery disease: a review and development of candidate genes related to inflammation and serotonin.
McCaffery et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2006;68:187-200.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression is associated with cardiac symptoms, mortality risk, and hospitalization among women with suspected coronary disease: the NHLBI-sponsored WISE study.
Rutledge et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2006;68:217-223.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased Serum Levels of 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine in Clinical Depression
Forlenza and Miller
Psychosom. Med. 2006;68:1-7.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and Prehospital Delay in the Context of Myocardial Infarction
Bunde and Martin
Psychosom. Med. 2006;68:51-57.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and 24-Hour Urinary Norepinephrine Excretion Levels in Patients With Coronary Disease: Findings From the Heart and Soul Study
Otte et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:2139-2145.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Social Support and Coronary Heart Disease: Epidemiologic Evidence and Implications for Treatment
Lett et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:869-878.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Does Panic Disorder Increase the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease? A Cohort Study of a National Managed Care Database
Gomez-Caminero et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:688-691.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Overall Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study
Wulsin et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:697-702.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Relationship With Ongoing Health and Function
Fauerbach et al.
Psychosomatics 2005;46:355-361.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychosocial Issues of Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Dunbar
Am J Crit Care 2005;14:294-303.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is the Association between Socioeconomic Position and Coronary Heart Disease Stronger in Women than in Men?
Thurston et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:57-65.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychological Distress as a Predictor of CHD Events in Men: The Effect of Persistence and Components of Risk
Nicholson et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:522-530.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Effect of a Telephone Counseling Intervention on Self-Rated Health of Cardiac Patients
Bambauer et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:539-545.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms Predict Norepinephrine Response to a Psychological Stressor Task in Alzheimer's Caregivers
Mausbach et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:638-642.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Type D personality: the heart, stress, and cortisol
Sher
QJM 2005;98:323-329.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression in Patients With Heart Disease
Roose and Miyazaki
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:S54-S57.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lessons From SADHART, ENRICHD, and Other Trials
Joynt and O'Connor
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:S63-S66.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychiatry and Cardiovascular Disease
Schulman et al.
Focus 2005;3:208-224.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression increasingly predicts mortality in the course of congestive heart failure
Junger et al.
Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:261-267.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms Are Associated With Blunted Cortisol Stress Responses in Very Low-Income Women
Burke et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2005;67:211-216.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychological distress, physical illness, and risk of coronary heart disease
Rasul et al.
J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2005;59:140-145.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Differential Responses to Psychotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Chronic Forms of Major Depression and Childhood Trauma
Nemeroff et al.
Focus 2005;3:131-135.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Development of Coronary Heart Disease Events: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Marzari et al.
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2005;60:85-92.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predictors of the onset of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure
Havranek et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2333-2338.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Heart and mind: (1) relationship between cardiovascular and psychiatric conditions
Shah et al.
Postgrad. Med. J. 2004;80:683-689.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression as a Risk Factor for Mortality in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-analysis
Barth et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:802-813.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prognostic Association of Depression Following Myocardial Infarction With Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-analysis
van Melle et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:814-822.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Dispositional Optimism and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Elderly Dutch Men and Women
Giltay et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1126-1135.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prenatal Exposure to Interleukin-6 Results in Hypertension and Increased Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Adult Rats
Samuelsson et al.
Endocrinology 2004;145:4897-4911.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Anxiety and the risk of death in older men and women
Van Hout et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2004;185:399-404.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

MOLECULAR EFFECTS of lithium
Quiroz et al.
Mol. Interv. 2004;4:259-272.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Severe Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Pulmonary Embolism
Llano and Abernethy
Psychosomatics 2004;45:364-365.
FULL TEXT  

Anxiety or depressive disorders and risk of ischaemic heart disease among French power company employees
Allonier et al.
Int J Epidemiol 2004;33:779-786.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and C-Reactive Protein in US Adults: Data From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ford and Erlinger
Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1010-1014.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Lack of a close confidant, but not depression, predicts further cardiac events after myocardial infarction
Dickens et al.
Heart 2004;90:518-522.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Treatment
Lett et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:305-315.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and the Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults: Findings From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Kinder et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:316-322.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Relationship Between Atherosclerosis and Late-Life Depression: The Rotterdam Study
Tiemeier et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:369-376.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Short-term fluoxetine treatment enhances baroreflex control of sympathetic nervous system activity after hindlimb unloading
Moffitt and Johnson
Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004;286:R584-R590.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Association Between Major Depression and Levels of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, Interleukin-6, and C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Recent Acute Coronary Syndromes
Lesperance et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2004;161:271-277.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Commentary: Insulin Resistance as a Link Between Affective Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: A Hypothesis in Need of Further Refinement
Lyketsos and Lee
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004;59:M185-187.
FULL TEXT  

Psychosocial Determinants of Premature Health Deterioration in a Changing Society: The Case of Hungary
Kopp et al.
J Health Psychol 2004;9:99-109.
ABSTRACT  

The Family Caregiving Experience of Outpatient ECT
Sethi and Williams
J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2003;9:187-194.
ABSTRACT  

Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma
Nemeroff et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003;100:14293-14296.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Aging: The Effects of Illness and Non-Health-Related Events
Fiske et al.
Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Science 2003;58:P320-328.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Negative Affect and Mortality in Older Persons
Wilson et al.
Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:827-835.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Mortality and Poststroke Depression: A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Antidepressants
Jorge et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2003;160:1823-1829.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Affective style and in vivo immune response: Neurobehavioral mechanisms
Rosenkranz et al.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003;100:11148-11152.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Platelet/Endothelial Biomarkers in Depressed Patients Treated With the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline After Acute Coronary Events: The Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy
Serebruany et al.
Circulation 2003;108:939-944.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Two Years After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG) in Men
Burg et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2003;65:508-510.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association Between Depression and Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Danner et al.
Psychosom. Med. 2003;65:347-356.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT