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Kenneth S. Kendler, MD; Laura M. Thornton, PhD; Nancy L. Pedersen, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:886-892.

Background  Prior studies of twins reared together suggest that regular tobacco use (RTU) is substantially heritable. However, strong social influences on RTU might have biased these results.

Methods  We examine the self-report lifetime history of RTU in members of 778 male-male and female-female twin pairs, raised together and apart, born from 1890 to 1958 and ascertained through the population-based Swedish Twin Registry.

Results  In men, the pattern of twin resemblance for RTU suggested both genetic and rearing-environmental effects, which, in the best-fit biometrical model, accounted for 61% and 20% of the variance in liability to RTU, respectively. For women, overall results were hard to interpret, but became clearer when divided by birth cohort. In women born before 1925, rates of RTU were low and twin resemblance was environmental in origin. In later cohorts, rates of RTU in women increased substantially, as did heritability. For women born after 1940, heritability of RTU was similar to that seen in men (63%).

Conclusions  Genetic factors play an important etiologic role in RTU. In women, the impact of genetic factors increased in more recent cohorts, suggesting that, as social restrictions on female tobacco use relaxed over time, heritable influences increased in importance.

From the Departments of Psychiatry (Drs Kendler and Thornton) and Human Genetics (Dr Kendler), Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; the Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Pedersen); and the Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Dr Pedersen).

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