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Parental Major Depression and the Risk of Depression and Other Mental Disorders in Offspring
A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study
Roselind Lieb, PhD;
Barbara Isensee, DiplPsych;
Michael Höfler, DiplStat;
Hildegard Pfister, DiplInf;
Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, PhD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:365-374.
Background This article examines associations between DSM-IV depressive disorders, their natural course, other psychopathology,
and parental major depression in a community sample of adolescents and young
adults.
Methods Baseline and 4-year follow-up data were used from the Early Developmental
Stages of Psychopathology Study, a prospective-longitudinal community study
of adolescents and young adults. Results are based on 2427 subjects who completed
the follow-up and for whom diagnostic information for both parents was available. DSM-IV mental disorders in respondents were assessed using
the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Information on depression
in parents was collected as family history information from the respondents
and from diagnostic interviews with parents of the younger cohort.
Results Offspring with 1 (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI],
2.1-3.5) or 2 affected parents (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-4.1) had an increased
risk for depression. They also had a higher risk for substance use (1 parent
affected: OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; both parents affected: OR, 1.4; 95% CI,
1.0-1.8) and anxiety disorders (1 parent affected: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9;
both parents affected: OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6-2.8). There were no differences
whether mother or father was affected. Parental depression was associated
with an earlier onset and a more malignant course (severity, impairment, recurrence)
of depressive disorders in offspring.
Conclusions Major depression in parents increases the overall risk in offspring
for onset of depressive and other mental disorders and influences patterns
of the natural course of depression in the early stages of manifestation.
From the Clinical Psychology, and Epidemiology Unit, Max Planck Institute
of Psychiatry, Munich (Drs Lieb and Wittchen, Mss Isensee and Pfister, and
Mr Höfler), and the Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,
Technical University of Dresden, Dresden (Dr Wittchen), Germany.
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