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W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, MD; Pal Czobor, PhD; Martina Hummer, MD; Georg Kemmler, PhD; Ralf Kohnen, PhD; Jan Volavka, MD, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:458-464.

The placebo-controlled trial has been the standard method to demonstrate efficacy and safety of antipsychotic drugs. We reviewed the scientific and ethical advantages and disadvantages of the placebo-controlled trial and an alternative method, the active-control trial, focusing more specifically on the active-control noninferiority trial. Recent meta-analyses indicate that a therapeutic dose of second-generation antipsychotic will very likely be statistically superior to placebo in an adequate trial, and that the average improvement of schizophrenia symptoms in a placebo arm will be small. These findings strengthen the scientific and ethical justification for the active-control noninferiority trial. New drugs in the pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia are often claimed to differ from their marketed competitors in their safety profile rather than in antipsychotic efficacy. Thus, in many cases, it appears sufficient to demonstrate mere noninferiority (rather than superiority) of antipsychotic efficacy in comparison with a standard antipsychotic. The active-control noninferiority trial is suitable for such demonstration. Sample size requirements for various equivalence margins in noninferiority trials are provided. Scientific and ethical arguments should lead to a more frequent use of the active-control noninferiority trial design.

From the Departments of Biological Psychiatry (Drs Fleischhacker and Hummer) and General Psychiatry (Dr Kemmler), Innsbruck University Clinics, Innsbruck, Austria; Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY (Drs Czobor and Volavka); and Institute for Medical Research Management and Biometrics, Nuremberg, Germany (Dr Kohnen).

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