This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (383)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Pediatrics  • Child Development  • Adolescent Psychiatry  • Anxiety Disorders  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder  • Child Psychiatry  • Depression  • Public Health  • Substance Abuse/ Alcoholism  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

E. Jane Costello, PhD; Sarah Mustillo, PhD; Alaattin Erkanli, PhD; Gordon Keeler, MS; Adrian Angold, MRCPsych

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:837-844.

Background  This longitudinal community study assessed the prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders from age 9 through 16 years and examined homotypic and heterotypic continuity.

Methods  A representative population sample of 1420 children aged 9 to 13 years at intake were assessed annually for DSM-IV disorders until age 16 years.

Results  Although 3-month prevalence of any disorder averaged 13.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.7%-15.0%), during the study period 36.7% of participants (31% of girls and 42% of boys) had at least 1 psychiatric disorder. Some disorders (social anxiety, panic, depression, and substance abuse) increased in prevalence, whereas others, including separation anxiety disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), decreased. Lagged analyses showed that children with a history of psychiatric disorder were 3 times more likely than those with no previous disorder to have a diagnosis at any subsequent wave (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.9-4.9; P<.001). Risk from a previous diagnosis was high among both girls and boys, but it was significantly higher among girls. Continuity of the same disorder (homotypic) was significant for all disorders except specific phobias. Continuity from one diagnosis to another (heterotypic) was significant from depression to anxiety and anxiety to depression, from ADHD to oppositional defiant disorder, and from anxiety and conduct disorder to substance abuse. Almost all the heterotypic continuity was seen in girls.

Conclusions  The risk of having at least 1 psychiatric disorder by age 16 years is much higher than point estimates would suggest. Concurrent comorbidity and homotypic and heterotypic continuity are more marked in girls than in boys.

From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Drs Costello, Mustillo, and Angold and Mr Keeler) and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (Dr Erkanli), Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC.

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Pediatric Adverse Drug Events in the Outpatient Setting: An 11-Year National Analysis
Bourgeois et al.
Pediatrics 2009;124:e744-e750.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Adult Outcomes of Youth Irritability: A 20-Year Prospective Community-Based Study
Stringaris et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2009;166:1048-1054.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV Scale-Teacher Form
Gau et al.
J Pediatr Psychol 2009;34:850-861.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Selective drop-out in longitudinal studies and non-biased prediction of behaviour disorders
Wolke et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2009;195:249-256.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Children's Beliefs About Causes of Childhood Depression and ADHD: A Study of Stigmatization
Coleman et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2009;60:950-957.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders as Predictors of Young Adult Disorders
Copeland et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:764-772.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Efficacy of an Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Child Anxiety Disorders
March et al.
J Pediatr Psychol 2009;34:474-487.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Genomewide Association Studies: History, Rationale, and Prospects for Psychiatric Disorders
Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee
Am. J. Psychiatry 2009;166:540-556.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychiatric Characteristics in a Self-Selected Sample of Boys With Klinefelter Syndrome
Bruining et al.
Pediatrics 2009;123:e865-e870.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Emotional and Behavioral Problems Reported in Child Welfare Over 3 Years
McCrae
Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 2009;17:17-28.
ABSTRACT  

Lifetime Psychiatric Disorders in School-aged Offspring of Parents With Bipolar Disorder: The Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study
Birmaher et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:287-296.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Development of Anterior Cingulate Functional Connectivity from Late Childhood to Early Adulthood
Kelly et al.
Cereb Cortex 2009;19:640-657.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Adapting Evidence-Based Mental Health Treatments in Community Settings: Preliminary Results From a Partnership Approach
Southam-Gerow et al.
Behav Modif 2009;33:82-103.
ABSTRACT  

Approaches to psychiatric assessment in epidemiological studies of children
McClellan et al.
J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2009;63:i4-i14.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety With Bone Mass and Density in Ever-Smoking and Never-Smoking Adolescent Girls
Dorn et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162:1181-1188.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Adolescent Depression: A Promising but Little Researched Intervention
Dunn and Weintraub
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2008;2:507-518.
ABSTRACT  

Comorbid Forms of Psychopathology: Key Patterns and Future Research Directions
Cerda et al.
Epidemiol Rev 2008;30:155-177.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pervasive Behavior Problems at 6 Years of Age in a Total-Population Sample of Children Born at <=25 Weeks of Gestation
Samara et al.
Pediatrics 2008;122:562-573.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Patient Management Exercise Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Levine and Albucher
Focus 2008;6:299-313.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Mediators of Depressive Symptoms in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and their Mothers
Jaser et al.
J Pediatr Psychol 2008;33:509-519.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Risk for Child-Rearing Difficulties During Middle Adulthood
Johnson et al.
Journal of Family Issues 2008;29:210-233.
ABSTRACT  

Poverty, Child Maltreatment, and Foster Care
McGuinness and Schneider
J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2007;13:296-303.
ABSTRACT  

Childhood Psychiatric Disorders and Young Adult Crime: A Prospective, Population-Based Study
Copeland et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2007;164:1668-1675.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): I. Identification, Assessment, and Initial Management
Zuckerbrot et al.
Pediatrics 2007;120:e1299-e1312.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Children of Mothers With HIV/AIDS: Unmet Needs for Mental Health Services
Bauman et al.
Pediatrics 2007;120:e1141-e1147.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Evaluating the Evidence For and Against the Overdiagnosis of ADHD
Sciutto and Eisenberg
J Atten Disord 2007;11:106-113.
ABSTRACT  

Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children
Froehlich et al.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:857-864.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Behavioral Health Practices in the Midst of Black Box Warnings and Mental Health Reform
Williams et al.
CLIN PEDIATR 2007;46:424-430.
ABSTRACT  

Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Cumulative and Sequential Comorbidity in a Birth Cohort Followed Prospectively to Age 32 Years
Moffitt et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:651-660.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Childhood and Adulthood Psychological Ill Health as Predictors of Midlife Affective and Anxiety Disorders: The 1958 British Birth Cohort
Clark et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:668-678.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress in Childhood
Copeland et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:577-584.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Bringing children's mental health "out of the shadows"
McEwan et al.
CMAJ 2007;176:471-472.
FULL TEXT  

Increased Amygdala and Insula Activation During Emotion Processing in Anxiety-Prone Subjects
Stein et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2007;164:318-327.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: Longitudinal study
GAU et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2007;190:42-48.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Proximal psychiatric risk factors for suicidality in youth: the great smoky mountains study.
Foley et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:1017-1024.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Comorbidity Between Asthma Attacks and Internalizing Disorders AmongPuerto Rican Children at One-Year Follow-Up
Feldman et al.
Psychosomatics 2006;47:333-339.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Caregiving Environments Provided to Children by Depressed Mothers With or Without an Antisocial History
Kim-Cohen et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2006;163:1009-1018.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence and Correlates of Estimated DSM-IV Child and Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Shear et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2006;163:1074-1083.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Targeted Child Psychiatric Services: A New Model of Pediatric Primary Clinician--Child Psychiatry Collaborative Care
Connor et al.
CLIN PEDIATR 2006;45:423-434.
ABSTRACT  

Behavioral predictors of substance-use initiation in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Ernst et al.
Pediatrics 2006;117:2030-2039.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Severe fatigue in adolescents: a common phenomenon?
ter Wolbeek et al.
Pediatrics 2006;117:e1078-e1086.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Emotional, developmental, and behavioral health of American children and their families: a report from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health.
Blanchard et al.
Pediatrics 2006;117:e1202-e1212.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is Domestic Violence Followed by an Increased Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Among Women But Not Among Men? A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Ehrensaft et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2006;163:885-892.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychometric properties of the chinese version of the conners' parent and teacher rating scales-revised: short form.
Gau et al.
J Atten Disord 2006;9:648-659.
ABSTRACT  

A universally administered primary prevention programme for depression reduces symptoms in German adolescents with low self-efficacy.
Sheffield
Evid. Based Ment. Health 2006;9:51-51.
FULL TEXT  

Recognizing and treating depression in children and adolescents
Dopheide
Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006;63:233-243.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Trends in the Use of Psychotropic Medications Among Adolescents, 1994 to 2001
Thomas et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57:63-69.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The pathogenesis of childhood anxiety disorders: Considerations from a developmental psychopathology perspective
Muris
International Journal of Behavioral Development 2006;30:5-11.
ABSTRACT  

Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Baldwin et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2005;19:567-596.
ABSTRACT  

Medicaid Insurance Policy for Youths Involved in the Criminal Justice System
Evans Cuellar et al.
AJPH 2005;95:1707-1711.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Validity of DSM-IV Conduct Disorder in 41/2-5-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Epidemiological Study
Kim-Cohen et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2005;162:1108-1117.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:617-627.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Common mental health problems
Michaud and Fombonne
BMJ 2005;330:835-838.
FULL TEXT  

Delinquent Youth in Corrections: Medicaid and Reentry Into the Community
Gupta et al.
Pediatrics 2005;115:1077-1083.
FULL TEXT  

Using Survey Results to Improve the Validity of the Standard Psychiatric Nomenclature
Robins
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1188-1194.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Multimodal Treatment for ADHD Among Youths in Three Medicaid Subgroups: Disabled, Foster Care, and Low Income
dosReis et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2004;55:1041-1048.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diagnosis and Treatment of Behavioral Health Disorders in Pediatric Practice
Williams et al.
Pediatrics 2004;114:601-606.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders may be underestimated
Ramchandani
Evid. Based Ment. Health 2004;7:59-59.
FULL TEXT  

Study Raises Estimates Of Mentally Ill Youth
Lehmann
Psychiatr. News 2003;38:32-32.
FULL TEXT