This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on ISI (100)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Statistics and Research Methods  • Journalology/ Peer Review/ Authorship  • Psychiatry, Other  • Alert me on articles by topic

Progress in Analyzing Repeated-Measures Data and Its Reflection in Papers Published in the Archives of General Psychiatry

Ralitza Gueorguieva, PhD; John H. Krystal, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:310-317.

Background  The analysis of repeated-measures data presents challenges to investigators and is a topic for ongoing discussion in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Traditional methods of statistical analysis (end-point analysis and univariate and multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance [rANOVA and rMANOVA, respectively]) have known disadvantages. More sophisticated mixed-effects models provide flexibility, and recently developed software makes them available to researchers.

Objectives  To review methods for repeated-measures analysis and discuss advantages and potential misuses of mixed-effects models. Also, to assess the extent of the shift from traditional to mixed-effects approaches in published reports in the Archives of General Psychiatry.

Data Sources  The Archives of General Psychiatry from 1989 through 2001, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 425.

Study Selection  Studies with a repeated-measures design, at least 2 groups, and a continuous response variable.

Data Extraction  The first author ranked the studies according to the most advanced statistical method used in the following order: mixed-effects model, rMANOVA, rANOVA, and end-point analysis.

Data Synthesis  The use of mixed-effects models has substantially increased during the last 10 years. In 2001, 30% of clinical trials reported in the Archives of General Psychiatry used mixed-effects analysis.

Conclusions  Repeated-measures ANOVAs continue to be used widely for the analysis of repeated-measures data, despite risks to interpretation. Mixed-effects models use all available data, can properly account for correlation between repeated measurements on the same subject, have greater flexibility to model time effects, and can handle missing data more appropriately. Their flexibility makes them the preferred choice for the analysis of repeated-measures data.

From the Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Dr Gueorguieva), and the Department of Psychiatry (Dr Krystal), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Hyperemic flow heterogeneity within the calf, foot, and forearm measured with continuous arterial spin labeling MRI
Wu et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008;294:H2129-H2136.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pulse Wave Velocity Is an Independent Predictor of the Longitudinal Increase in Systolic Blood Pressure and of Incident Hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Najjar et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1377-1383.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Differential Association of Concurrent, Baseline, and Average Depressive Symptoms With Cognitive Decline in Older Adults
Dotson et al.
AJGP 2008;16:318-330.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Comparative randomised trial of online cognitive-behavioural therapy and an information website for depression: 12-month outcomes
Mackinnon et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2008;192:130-134.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Impaired Flush Response to Niacin Skin Patch Among Schizophrenia Patients and Their Nonpsychotic Relatives: The Effect of Genetic Loading
Chang et al.
Schizophr Bull 2008;0:sbm153v1-sbm153.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Pulse Pressure and Pulse Wave Velocity Are Related to Cognitive Decline in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Waldstein et al.
Hypertension 2008;51:99-104.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prospective Study of Long-Term Impact of Adjuvant High-Dose and Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy on Health-Related Quality of Life
Buijs et al.
JCO 2007;25:5403-5409.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old
van den Berg et al.
Neurology 2007;69:979-985.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Intensive Psychosocial Intervention Enhances Functioning in Patients With Bipolar Depression: Results From a 9-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Miklowitz et al.
Am. J. Psychiatry 2007;164:1340-1347.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Change in Older Mexican Americans
Raji et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:145-152.
ABSTRACT  

Association of AGTR1 With 18-Month Treatment Outcome in Late-Life Depression
Kondo et al.
AJGP 2007;15:564-572.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Adherence to insulin and its association with glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
Donnelly et al.
QJM 2007;100:345-350.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Plasma Levels of Apolipoprotein E and Cognitive Function in Old Age
MOOIJAART et al.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2007;1100:148-161.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Association of the Adrenergic {alpha}2A Receptor Gene With Methylphenidate Improvement of Inattentive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Polanczyk et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:218-224.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Is the Superior Efficacy of New Generation Antipsychotics an Artifact of LOCF?
Leucht et al.
Schizophr Bull 2007;33:183-191.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Familial Aggregation in Skin Flush Response to Niacin Patch Among Schizophrenic Patients and Their Nonpsychotic Relatives
Lin et al.
Schizophr Bull 2007;33:174-182.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Short and midterm results of aortic valve cusp extension in the treatment of children with congenital aortic valve disease.
Alsoufi et al.
Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2006;82:1292-1300.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Psychotherapy, Symptom Outcomes, and Role Functioning Over One Year Among Patients With Bipolar Disorder
Miklowitz et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57:959-965.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Efficacy of the Team Solutions Program for Educating Patients About Illness Management and Treatment
Vreeland et al.
Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57:822-828.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Neighborhood and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: Using Multilevel Modeling in Geriatric Psychiatry.
Hybels et al.
AJGP 2006;14:498-506.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Homocysteine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid and the risk of cognitive decline in old age: the Leiden 85-Plus Study
Mooijaart et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;82:866-871.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Subthalamic Nucleus Lesions Enhance the Psychomotor-Activating, Incentive Motivational, and Neurobiological Effects of Cocaine
Uslaner et al.
J. Neurosci. 2005;25:8407-8415.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Accelerated Longitudinal Decline of Aerobic Capacity in Healthy Older Adults
Fleg et al.
Circulation 2005;112:674-682.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

apoE4 allele and the natural history of cardiovascular risk factors
Scuteri et al.
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;289:E322-E327.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Generalized atherosclerosis, cognitive decline, and depressive symptoms in old age
Vinkers et al.
Neurology 2005;65:107-112.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Nonlinear Relations of Blood Pressure to Cognitive Function: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Waldstein et al.
Hypertension 2005;45:374-379.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Thyroid Status, Disability and Cognitive Function, and Survival in Old Age
Gussekloo et al.
JAMA 2004;292:2591-2599.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Randomized Controlled Trial
The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Team
JAMA 2004;292:1969-1976.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age: prospective population based study
Vinkers et al.
BMJ 2004;329:881.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fluoxetine, Comprehensive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Placebo in Generalized Social Phobia
Davidson et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1005-1013.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Fluoxetine, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, and Their Combination for Adolescents With Depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) Randomized Controlled Trial
Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study T
JAMA 2004;292:807-820.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT