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Long-term Effectiveness and Cost of a Systematic Care Program for Bipolar Disorder
Gregory E. Simon, MD, MPH;
Evette J. Ludman, PhD;
Mark S. Bauer, MD;
Jürgen Unützer, MD, MPH;
Belinda Operskalski, MPH
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:500-508.
Context Despite the availability of efficacious treatments, the long-term course of bipolar disorder is often unfavorable.
Objective To test the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention program to improve the quality of care and long-term outcomes for persons with bipolar disorder.
Design Randomized controlled trial with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment.
Setting Mental health clinics of a group-model prepaid health plan.
Patients Of 785 patients in treatment for bipolar disorder who were invited to participate, 509 attended an evaluation appointment, 450 were found eligible to participate, and 441 enrolled in the trial.
Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to a multicomponent intervention program or to continued care as usual. Three nurse care managers provided a 2-year systematic intervention program, including the following: a structured group psychoeducational program, monthly telephone monitoring of mood symptoms and medication adherence, feedback to treating mental health providers, facilitation of appropriate follow-up care, and as-needed outreach and crisis intervention.
Main Outcome Measures In-person blinded research interviews every 3 months assessed mood symptoms using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Examination. Health plan administrative records were used to assess the use and cost of mental health services.
Results Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated that the intervention significantly reduced the mean level of mania symptoms (z = 2.09, P = .04) and the time with significant mania symptoms (19.2 vs 24.7 weeks; F1 = 6.0, P = .01). There was no significant intervention effect on mean level of depressive symptoms (z = 0.19, P = .85) or time with significant depressive symptoms (47.6 vs 50.7 weeks; F1 = 0.56, P = .45). Benefits of the intervention were found only in a subgroup of 343 persons with clinically significant mood symptoms at the baseline assessment. The incremental cost (adjusted) of the intervention was $1251 (95% confidence interval, $55-$2446), including approximately $800 for the intervention program services and an approximate $500 increase in the costs of other mental health services.
Conclusions Population-based systematic care programs can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of mania in bipolar disorder, and cost increases are modest considering the clinical gains. The incorporation of more specific cognitive and behavioral content or more effective medication regimens may be necessary to significantly reduce the symptoms of depression.
Author Affiliations: Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative (Drs Simon and Ludman and Ms Operskalski), and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington (Drs Simon, Ludman, and Unützer), Seattle; and Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Brown University, Providence, RI (Dr Bauer).
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