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Jonna Perälä, MD; Jaana Suvisaari, MD, PhD; Samuli I. Saarni, MD, MSocSc; Kimmo Kuoppasalmi, MD, PhD; Erkki Isometsä, MD, PhD; Sami Pirkola, MD, PhD; Timo Partonen, MD, PhD; Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson, PhD; Jukka Hintikka, MD, PhD; Tuula Kieseppä, MD, PhD; Tommi Härkänen, PhD; Seppo Koskinen, MD, PhD; Jouko Lönnqvist, MD, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(1):19-28.

Context  Recent general population surveys of psychotic disorders have found low lifetime prevalences. However, this may be owing to methodological problems. Few studies have reported the prevalences of all specific psychotic disorders.

Objective  To provide reliable estimates of the lifetime prevalences of specific psychotic disorders.

Design  General population survey.

Setting and Participants  A nationally representative sample of 8028 persons 30 years or older was screened for psychotic and bipolar I disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, self-reported diagnoses, medical examination, and national registers. Those selected by the screens were then reinterviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Best-estimate DSM-IV diagnoses were formed by combining the interview and case note data. Register diagnoses were used to estimate the effect of the nonresponders.

Main Outcome Measures  Diagnosis of any psychotic or bipolar I disorder according to the DSM-IV criteria.

Results  The lifetime prevalence of all psychotic disorders was 3.06% and rose to 3.48% when register diagnoses of the nonresponder group were included. Lifetime prevalences were as follows: 0.87% for schizophrenia, 0.32% for schizoaffective disorder, 0.07% for schizophreniform disorder, 0.18% for delusional disorder, 0.24% for bipolar I disorder, 0.35% for major depressive disorder with psychotic features, 0.42% for substance-induced psychotic disorders, and 0.21% for psychotic disorders due to a general medical condition. The National Hospital Discharge Register was the most reliable of the screens ( = 0.80). Case notes supplementing the interviews were essential for specific diagnoses of psychotic disorders.

Conclusions  Multiple sources of information are essential for accurate estimation of lifetime prevalences of psychotic disorders. The use of comprehensive methods reveals that their lifetime prevalence exceeds 3%.

Author Affiliations: Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research (Drs Perälä, Suvisaari, Saarni, Kuoppasalmi, Isometsä, Pirkola, Partonen, Tuulio-Henriksson, Hintikka, Kieseppä, and Lönnqvist) and Health and Functional Capacity (Drs Härkänen and Koskinen), National Public Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki (Drs Isometsä, Kieseppä, and Lönnqvist), and Health and Social Services Division, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Dr Pirkola), Helsinki, Finland; Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere (Dr Suvisaari), and Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital (Dr Hintikka), Tampere, Finland; and Department of Psychiatry, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland (Dr Hintikka).

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