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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Second-Generation Antipsychotics and Placebo in a Randomized Trial of the Treatment of Psychosis and Aggression in Alzheimer Disease
Robert A. Rosenheck, MD;
Douglas L. Leslie, PhD;
Jody L. Sindelar, PhD;
Edward A. Miller, PhD;
Peter N. Tariot, MD;
Karen S. Dagerman, MS;
Sonia M. Davis, DrPH;
Barry D. Lebowitz, PhD;
Peter Rabins, MD, MPH;
John K. Hsiao, MD;
Jeffery A. Lieberman, MD;
Lon S. Schneider, MD; for the Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness–Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE-AD) investigators
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(11):1259-1268.
Context Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are prescribed for psychosis, aggression, and agitation in Alzheimer disease (AD).
Objective To conduct a cost-benefit analysis of SGAs and placebo (taken to represent a "watchful waiting" treatment strategy) for psychosis and aggression in outpatients with AD.
Design Randomized placebo-controlled trial of alternative SGA initiation strategies.
Setting Forty-two outpatient clinics.
Participants Outpatients with AD and psychosis, aggression, or agitation (N = 421).
Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to treatment with olanzapine, quetiapine fumarate, risperidone, or placebo with the option of double-blind rerandomization to another antipsychotic or citalopram hydrobromide or open treatment over 9 months.
Main Outcome Measures Monthly interviews documented health service use and costs. The economic perspective addressed total health care and medication costs. Costs of study drugs were estimated from wholesale prices with adjustment for discounts and rebates. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were assessed with the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 and were supplemented with measures of functioning, activities of daily living, and quality of life. Primary analyses were conducted using all available data. Secondary analyses excluded observations after the first medication change (ie, phase 1 only). Cost-benefit analysis was conducted using the net health benefits approach in a sensitivity analysis in which QALYs were valued at $50 000 per year and $100 000 per year.
Results Average total health costs, including medications, were significantly lower for placebo than for SGAs, by $50 to $100 per month. There were no differences between treatments in QALYs or other measures of function. Phase 1–only analyses were broadly similar. Net-benefit analysis showed greater net health benefits for placebo as compared with other treatments, with probabilities ranging from 50% to 90%.
Conclusions There were no differences in measures of effectiveness between initiation of active treatments or placebo (which represented watchful waiting) but the placebo group had significantly lower health care costs.
Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00015548.
Author Affiliations: VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven (Drs Rosenheck, Leslie, and Miller); Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Sindelar); University of Arizona, Phoenix (Dr Tariot); Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Ms Dagerman and Dr Schneider); University of California at San Diego (Dr Lebowitz); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Rabins); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Dr Davis); National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Hsiao); and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Dr Lieberman).
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