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National Trends in the Outpatient Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Youth
Carmen Moreno, MD;
Gonzalo Laje, MD;
Carlos Blanco, MD, PhD;
Huiping Jiang, PhD;
Andrew B. Schmidt, CSW;
Mark Olfson, MD, MPH
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(9):1032-1039.
Context Although bipolar disorder may have its onset during childhood, little is known about national trends in the diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder in young people.
Objectives To present national trends in outpatient visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and to compare the treatment provided to youth and adults during those visits.
Design We compare rates of growth between 1994-1995 and 2002-2003 in visits with a bipolar disorder diagnosis by individuals aged 0 to 19 years vs those aged 20 years or older. For the period of 1999 to 2003, we also compare demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of youth and adult bipolar disorder visits.
Setting Outpatient visits to physicians in office-based practice.
Participants Patient visits from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1999-2003) with a bipolar disorder diagnosis (n = 962).
Main Outcome Measures Visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder by youth (aged 0-19 years) and by adults (aged  20 years).
Results The estimated annual number of youth office-based visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder increased from 25 (1994-1995) to 1003 (2002-2003) visits per 100 000 population, and adult visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder increased from 905 to 1679 visits per 100 000 population during this period. In 1999 to 2003, most youth bipolar disorder visits were by males (66.5%), whereas most adult bipolar disorder visits were by females (67.6%); youth were more likely than adults to receive a comorbid diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (32.2% vs 3.0%, respectively; P < .001); and most youth (90.6%) and adults (86.4%) received a psychotropic medication during bipolar disorder visits, with comparable rates of mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants prescribed for both age groups.
Conclusions There has been a recent rapid increase in the diagnosis of youth bipolar disorder in office-based medical settings. This increase highlights a need for clinical epidemiological reliability studies to determine the accuracy of clinical diagnoses of child and adolescent bipolar disorder in community practice.
Author Affiliations: Unidad de Adolescentes, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Servicio de Psiquiatría, Madrid, Spain (Dr Moreno); New York State Psychiatric Institute (Drs Moreno, Blanco, and Olfson and Mr Schmidt), and Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons (Drs Moreno, Blanco, and Olfson) and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (Dr Jiang), Columbia University, New York; and Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Laje).
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