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Stephan Moratti, PhD; Gabriel Rubio, MD; Pablo Campo, PhD; Andreas Keil, PhD; Tomas Ortiz, MD, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(5):532-541.

Context  Neuropsychological models of depression highlight temporoparietal hypofunction associated with low emotional arousal in major depressive disorder (MDD). These models were derived from indirect measures such as neuropsychological tests and electroencephalography alpha band power.

Objective  To determine if high-arousing stimuli directly modulated activity in attention and arousal–related sensory brain regions in patients with MDD.

Design  Between-group comparison (patients with MDD vs healthy control subjects) of neuromagnetic oscillatory activity driven by flickering emotional and neutral pictures (steady-state visual evoked fields [ssVEFs]).

Setting  Center of magnetoencephalography at a public university and public ambulatory mental health service.

Participants  Fifteen female low-anxious patients with MDD and 15 female controls. The groups were matched with respect to age and handedness.

Intervention  Magnetoencephalographic recordings and self-report ratings.

Main Outcome Measures  Modulation of current source strengths obtained by frequency domain minimum norm source localization of ssVEFs.

Results  Controls and patients with MDD showed enhanced current source strengths at ssVEF frequency in occipital and parietal cortex for high-arousing emotional pictures (P < .05 for permutation statistics). While this arousal modulation in controls was pronounced in the right temporoparietal cortex, weak arousal modulation characterized that brain region in patients with MDD (F _1,28 = 7.2, P < .05 for interaction group by quadraticcontrast).

Conclusions  Although emotional pictures engaged the dorsal visual stream to a greater extent than neutral pictures in both study groups, only controls showed strong arousal modulation in the right temporoparietal cortex. Because the right temporoparietal cortex is associated with the arousal dimension of emotion, subjects with depression may have difficulties in activating arousal-related brain areas, whereas basic stimulus processing related to activation of the dorsal visual stream is intact.

Author Affiliations: Center of Magnetoencephalography Dr Perez Modrego, University Complutense of Madrid (Drs Moratti, Campo, and Ortiz), and Servicios de Salud Mental Retiro (Dr Rubio), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville (Dr Keil).

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