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Functional Neuroanatomy of Visual Masking Deficits in Schizophrenia
Michael F. Green, PhD;
Junghee Lee, PhD;
Mark S. Cohen, PhD;
Steven A. Engel, PhD;
Alexander S. Korb;
Keith H. Nuechterlein, PhD;
Jonathan K. Wynn, PhD;
David C. Glahn, PhD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(12):1295-1303.
Context Visual masking procedures assess the earliest stages of visual processing. Patients with schizophrenia reliably show deficits on visual masking, and these procedures have been used to explore vulnerability to schizophrenia, probe underlying neural circuits, and help explain functional outcome.
Objective To identify and compare regional brain activity associated with one form of visual masking (ie, backward masking) in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls.
Design Subjects received functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. While in the scanner, subjects performed a backward masking task and were given 3 functional localizer activation scans to identify early visual processing regions of interest (ROIs).
Setting University of California, Los Angeles, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.
Participants Nineteen patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy control subjects.
Main Outcome Measure The magnitude of the functional magnetic resonance imaging signal during backward masking.
Results Two ROIs (lateral occipital complex [LO] and the human motion selective cortex [hMT+]) showed sensitivity to the effects of masking, meaning that signal in these areas increased as the target became more visible. Patients had lower activation than controls in LO across all levels of visibility but did not differ in other visual processing ROIs. Using whole-brain analyses, we also identified areas outside the ROIs that were sensitive to masking effects (including bilateral inferior parietal lobe and thalamus), but groups did not differ in signal magnitude in these areas.
Conclusions The study results support a key role in LO for visual masking, consistent with previous studies in healthy controls. The current results indicate that patients fail to activate LO to the same extent as controls during visual processing regardless of stimulus visibility, suggesting a neural basis for the visual masking deficit, and possibly other visual integration deficits, in schizophrenia.
Author Affiliations: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior (Drs Green, Lee, Cohen, Nuechterlein, and Wynn and Mr Korb) and Department of Psychology (Dr Nuechterlein), University of California, Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (Drs Green, Lee, and Wynn); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Dr Engel); and Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Glahn).
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