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From Kraepelin to Kretschmer Leavened by Schneider
The Transition From Categories of Psychosis to Dimensions of Variation Intrinsic to Homo sapiens
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:502-504.
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THE KRAEPELINIAN1-2 binary system, it may be said, is dead, but the tyranny of its influence lives on. Notwithstanding a series of critical evaluations,3-6 it pervades textbooks, examinations, and every set of operational diagnostic criteria. Late in life, Kraepelin tried to get the genie back into the bottle:
No experienced psychiatrist will deny there is an alarmingly large number of cases in which it seems impossible, in spite of the most careful observation, to make a firm diagnosis . . . it is becoming increasingly clear that we cannot distinguish satisfactorily between these two illnesses and this brings home the suspicion that our formulation of the problem may be incorrect.7
HOW MANY CATEGORIES?
In their latent class analysis of the large sample in the Roscommon family studies, Kendler and colleagues8 argue that as many as 6 separate categories of psychosis are justified, and moreover that these bear "substantial resemblance to current or historical . . . [Full Text of this Article]
HOW MANY DIMENSIONS, AND OF WHAT?
THE UNIVERSALITY OF PSYCHOSIS
LANGUAGE AND CEREBRAL ASYMMETRY
CONCLUSIONS
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