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Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:123-124.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

THE HISTORY of the investigation of the neurobiology of panic disorder is largely the history of the pharmacologic challenge paradigm. Beginning with the 1968 report of Pitts¹ that sodium lactate could provoke panic attacks, the physiologic and psychologic effects of lactate infusion in patients with panic disorder were intensively investigated for the next 2 decades. Interest in noradrenergic agents such as yohimbine and isoproterenol began in the 1980s along with caffeine and carbon dioxide (CO₂). In the last decade, interest in these disparate panicogenic challenge paradigms has gradually converged on the CO₂ inhalation procedure,² largely because of its ease and brevity of administration in conjunction with the known physiology of this manipulation.

In the study by Battaglia et al,³ the authors demonstrate that a centrally active muscarinic antagonist (biperiden) can block induction of panic with CO₂, compared with both placebo and a peripheral cholinergic antagonist. This finding is . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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Modulation by Muscarinic Antagonists of the Response to Carbon Dioxide Challenge in Panic Disorder
Marco Battaglia, Silvana Bertella, Anna Ogliari, Laura Bellodi, and Enrico Smeraldi
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(2):114-119.
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