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We reported the linkage of DRD2 haplotypes to heroin addiction in 799 Chinese and 663 German individuals.¹ In both populations, linkage was driven by a large difference between cases and controls in frequencies of haplotypes that are uncommon. This led Curtis and Gurling to propose that the case-control differences are artifacts generated by the inability of MLOCUS (Jeffrey Long, PhD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), an expectation-maximization program, to accurately infer haplotypes. Genotyping error and population stratification are issues not raised in their letter but were potential problems of concern to us. The genotyping error rate was 0.02 in Chinese and 0.01 in German individuals, and there is no reason to think that error would cause cases and controls to differentiate. Stratification was not apparent with a 32-locus–single nucleotide polymorphism panel but a larger, more informative panel is now being applied.

Accuracy of inferred haplotype configurations and frequencies . . . [Full Text of this Article]

AUTHOR INFORMATION
Ke Xu, MD, PhD; Dirk Lichtermann, MD; Robert H. Lipsky, PhD; Petra Franke, MD; Xiehe Liu, MD; Ying Hu, PhD; Liping Cao, MD, PhD; Sibylle G. Schwab, PhD; Dieter B. Wildenauer, PhD; Claiton H. D. Bau, PhD; Erica Ferro, BS; Will Astor, BS; Thembi Finch, MS; Jeanietta Terry, BS; Julie Taubman, MS; Wolfgang Maier, MD; David Goldman, MD

RELATED LETTER

Estimation of Haplotypes at DRD2 May Have Produced Misleading Results
David Curtis and Hugh Gurling
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(8):939.
EXTRACT | FULL TEXT  

RELATED ARTICLE

Association of Specific Haplotypes of D₂ Dopamine Receptor Gene With Vulnerability to Heroin Dependence in 2 Distinct Populations
Ke Xu, Dirk Lichtermann, Robert H. Lipsky, Petra Franke, Xiehe Liu, Ying Hu, Liping Cao, Sibylle G. Schwab, Dieter B. Wildenauer, Claiton H. D. Bau, Erica Ferro, Will Astor, Thembi Finch, Jeanietta Terry, Julie Taubman, Wolfgang Maier, and David Goldman
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(6):597-606.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT