 |
|
Multicenter Double-blind Comparison of Sertraline and Desipramine for Concurrent Obsessive-Compulsive and Major Depressive Disorders
Rudolf Hoehn-Saric, MD;
Philip Ninan, MD;
Donald W. Black, MD;
Stephen Stahl, MD;
John H. Greist, MD;
Bruce Lydiard, MD;
Susan McElroy, MD;
John Zajecka, MD;
Douglass Chapman, MS;
Cathryn Clary, MD;
Wilma Harrison, MD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:76-82.
ABSTRACT
| |
Background Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) have demonstrated consistent efficacy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), while agents that are primarily norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have not. Comparable efficacy has been demonstrated for SRI and non-SRI antidepressants in uncomplicated major depressive disorder (MDD). This multicenter trial is the first comparison of an SRI (sertraline) and a non-SRI antidepressant (desipramine) in the treatment of OCD with concurrent MDD.
Methods One hundred sixty-six patients diagnosed using structured clinical interviews and recruited from 16 treatment sites were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with either sertraline (up to 200 mg/d) or desipramine (up to 300 mg/d) over 12 weeks. Measures of severity of OCD and MDD symptoms, as well as adverse effects of the medications, were monitored over the course of the treatment period.
Results Patients assigned to sertraline responded significantly better at end point on measures of OCD and MDD symptoms compared with patients assigned to desipramine. Sertraline was also associated with a significantly greater number of patients who achieved a "robust" improvement in OCD symptoms ( 40% reduction) compared with desipramine. More patients receiving desipramine than sertraline discontinued treatment because of adverse events.
Conclusions The SRI sertraline was more effective in reducing MDD and OCD symptoms than the primarily norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desipramine for patients with concurrent OCD and MDD.
INTRODUCTION
DATA OBTAINED from epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) co-occur much more often than expected by chance alone. In clinical samples, about 60% of patients with OCD have a lifetime diagnosis of MDD.1 Lower but still substantial rates (ie, about 30%) of lifetime occurrence of MDD in patients with OCD have been found in population-based epidemiological studies.2-4
Because most treatment studies5-10 of OCD have typically excluded patients with high levels of depressive symptoms or MDD (unless the MDD was judged to be secondary to the OCD), little is known about whether concurrent MDD influences the course of pharmacological treatment of OCD. A number of smaller studies have reported that subsyndromal baseline levels of MDD symptoms failed to predict the outcome of OCD treatment11-13; however, a large, multicenter trial examining clomipramine treatment for OCD found that higher levels of initial depression were generally associated with diminished efficacy.14 Furthermore, OCD symptoms have been associated with longer time to recovery among women with MDD.15 Thus, patients with OCD and concurrent MDD need to be targeted as a special population for treatment studies. Identification of the most efficacious treatment for this substantial subgroup of patients with OCD would potentially lead to a refinement of clinical decision making that might reduce patient suffering and complications resulting from the MDD (eg, suicidality, hospitalization, impaired work functioning).
Sertraline has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of OCD,9-10 as have other serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), including the tricyclic clomipramine,5, 7 and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluvoxamine11, 13, 16 and fluoxetine.8, 17 Studies comparing SRIs with one another in the treatment of OCD have generally found equivalent efficacy,18-22 while SRIs have been shown to be superior to desipramine (a non-SRI antidepressant) in treating OCD.6, 12, 23
In the treatment of MDD, sertraline has been shown to be efficacious in several placebo-controlled trials.24-26 Moreover, SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants, such as desipramine, have been shown to have equivalent efficacy in the treatment of MDD.27 This raises the question of which type of medication would have superior efficacy in the context of patients with concurrent MDD and OCD, and whether an SRI like sertraline would improve symptoms of MDD in the context of OCD more than a non-SRI like desipramine. It may be that in the context of a full MDD episode, a predominantly noradrenergic agent like desipramine would be as effective as an SRI in treating the depression, but less effective in treating OCD. However, desipramine may also be effective in treating OCD, since desipramine may have some spillover effects on the serotoninergic system. Indeed, microdialysis studies have indicated that desipramine can alter extracellular levels of serotonin.28
The purpose of the current study was to compare the relative efficacy of sertraline and desipramine for patients with OCD and concurrent MDD in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial. Efficacy was assessed for degree of reduction of both OCD and MDD, in addition to the examination of the relative response and remission rates of the treatments. We also compared the adverse effects of both medications.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
PATIENTS
A group of 166 patients 18 years or older who met the DSM-III-R criteria for both current OCD and current MDD using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R29 were recruited at 16 university-affiliated treatment centers that specialized in the treatment of OCD and other anxiety disorders.
In addition to meeting the full diagnostic criteria for OCD and MDD, patients had to meet severity criteria for both OCD and MDD symptoms at the assessments conducted at the beginning and end of a screening (washout) phase. To be included, patients needed to score 20 or higher on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS),30-31 18 or higher on the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D),32 and 2 or higher on item 1 (depressed mood) of the 24-item HAM-D, at both the screening and baseline assessments. A Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale33 severity score of at least 4 for both MDD and OCD, indicating moderate to severe illness on each, was also needed at the screening and baseline assessments to qualify for the study.
Exclusion criteria consisted of (1) current or past DSM-III-R diagnosis of Tourette syndrome, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder not elsewhere classified, or paraphilia; (2) principal diagnosis within the past 6 months of agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder; (3) diagnosis of panic disorder within the past 6 months, any spontaneous panic attacks within the last month, or 4 or more spontaneous panic attacks in the past 4 months; (4) diagnosis of acute or chronic organic mental syndrome (eg, delirium, dementia, amnestic disorder); (5) diagnosis of schizotypal, antisocial, paranoid, or borderline personality disorder; (6) abuse or dependence on alcohol or any drug within the past 6 months; (7) any medical contraindications to antidepressant therapy as determined by medical history or physical examination; (8) evidence or history of significant hematological, endocrine, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, or neurological disease; (9) currently taking any psychotropic drug or receiving behavior therapy; (10) a CGI improvement rating of 1 or 2 for either MDD or OCD at the end of the baseline period; (11) current suicidality; (12) received electroconvulsive therapy within the past 3 months; and (13) any previous psychosurgery. Women were excluded if currently pregnant, nursing, or not practicing an effective method of birth control.
One hundred sixty-six patients were randomized; 2 patients failed to return for follow-up care (1 in each treatment group), leaving 85 patients given desipramine and 79 given sertraline to evaluate efficacy and safety. Double-blind treatment was provided for 12 weeks. The protocol and informed consent documents were approved by the institutional review boards associated with the 16 participating sites, and each patient provided written informed consent prior to study participation.
METHODS
All patients who were screened as meeting eligibility criteria for the study were placed on a 1-week single-blind pill placebo washout period, during which assessments were performed. During this screening phase, patients were given placebo capsules identical in appearance to the sertraline and desipramine capsules. Patients were instructed to take 4 placebo capsules daily; after the washout period, desipramine and sertraline were also administered as 4 capsules daily to maintain the blind.
For patients randomized to sertraline, dosages were titrated to 50 to 200 mg/d. All patients received 50 mg/d during the first 2 weeks; after this, in the absence of a satisfactory clinical response and no dose-limiting side effects, the dosage could be titrated to 100 mg/d any time between weeks 2 and 4, to 150 mg/d at week 4, and to 200 mg/d at week 5. Changes in dosage were always made in increments of 50 mg/d. All capsules (placebo, sertraline, and desipramine) were identical in appearance, and a blister card system was used during the 12-week treatment period to maintain the double-blind.
A similar stepwise flexible titration of desipramine was conducted. Beginning with 50 mg/d, dosages could be titrated by 50 mg/wk up to a maximum of 300 mg/d. If a patient was receiving 250 or 300 mg/d, capsules with 100 mg of desipramine were used in addition to 50-mg capsules, so that only 4 capsules per day were taken. Dosage was increased or decreased at any time on the basis of the patient's clinical response or dose-limiting adverse events; the minimum sustained dosage allowed for either active agent was 50 mg/d or 4 capsules per day of placebo.
Medical screening, including laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, and physical examination, a Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R, and screening efficacy measures, was performed on the first day of the placebo washout period and again at the end of the washout to determine ongoing eligibility for randomization. After randomization, the patients were evaluated for efficacy from weeks 1 through 8, then every other week until either week 12 or discontinuation from the study; safety assessments were repeated at week 12 or at the last patient visit. Plasma samples to assess sertraline and desipramine levels were obtained at the first day of baseline and at 12 weeks or the last patient visit.
Randomization was performed centrally using a computer-generated randomization scheme.
OUTCOME MEASURES
The following efficacy measures were completed at each of the assessment visits: the Y-BOCS; the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; CGI severity ratings for OCD, MDD, and overall assessment, as well as overall CGI improvement ratings; and the 24-item HAM-D. These rating were performed by the treating physician or by a trained evaluator with established interrater reliability. The HAM-D and Y-BOCS were specified a priori as the primary outcome measures, while the single-item NIMH Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the CGI ratings were designated as secondary outcome measures. In addition, the Bech melancholia subscale33 of the HAM-D and the Patient Global Improvement34 scale (assessed at baseline and week 12 only) for MDD, OCD, and overall were examined in secondary analyses.
The criterion for defining clinical response in MDD was at least a 50% decrease from baseline in the 24-item HAM-D score; following a commonly used convention in other studies, remission was defined as a 17-item HAM-D score of 7 or lower. For OCD, a clinical response was defined a priori as a decrease in the Y-BOCS total score of 40% or greater.
Patients were evaluated for adverse events at the end of baseline and at all weekly assessments during the treatment phase using the general inquiry section of the Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Events,35 administered by the treating physician.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
All efficacy analyses were conducted on end-point data (ie, at week 12 for completers) and at the last available visit for patients who did not complete the study (ie, intention to treat with the last observation carried forward).
The 16 investigative centers in this study varied in patient enrollment from 1 to 29. To ensure stable estimates, the following pooling algorithm was used for all analyses: centers were ranked in order of size and pooled, starting with the smallest, until the resulting pseudocenter reached the maximum size that was smaller than the largest actual center. The 6 smallest actual centers were combined into 1 pseudocenter (n = 24); all analyses were based on 10 actual centers and 1 pseudocenter.
Baseline comparability of the 2 treatment groups for demographic and clinical characteristics was assessed by analysis of variance for continuous variables and by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for categorical variables. Analysis of variance models included treatment and center terms; treatment x center interaction terms were also examined but were consistently nonsignificant and were therefore dropped from the models. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests included center as the stratification variable. For categorical variables, when stratification by center resulted in 3 or more sparse subtables (ie, any marginal total of 0), then the Pearson  2 test or the Fisher exact test was used as appropriate to include all available data.
Efficacy analyses were performed using analysis of covariance for continuous and multivalued ordinal categorical variables for which a baseline measurement existed; other variables (CGI improvement and PGI) were analyzed using analysis of variance models, as above. Binary variables were analyzed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, as above. Analysis of covariance models used change from baseline to end point as the dependent variable and included treatment, center, and treatment x center interaction terms, with baseline measurement as the covariate. Interaction terms were consistently nonsignificant and were therefore dropped from all models. All hypotheses were tested using type III sums of squares with SAS version 6.11 (PROC GLM).
Safety analyses were performed using the Fisher exact test for incidence of adverse events and the Pearson 2 test for proportion of discontinuations. Adverse events were coded according to the World Health Organization dictionary.
All statistical tests were 2-sided, and significance was declared at  = .05, with the sole exception of treatment x center interaction effects, which were considered significant at = .10.
RESULTS
BASELINE CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The average duration of the current episode of MDD was 24 months for the 79 patients assigned to sertraline and 29 months for the 85 patients assigned to desipramine (Table 1). The duration of OCD symptoms was more than 17 years for patients in both treatment groups. The current MDD episode was determined to be of moderate or severe intensity for all patients enrolled. The most common Axis I comorbid diagnosis other than MDD was generalized anxiety disorder (16% of patients).
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Patient Characteristics*
|
|
|
There were no significant differences in any baseline clinical or demographic characteristics between the patients treated with sertraline and those treated with desipramine.
ADVERSE EVENTS AND PATIENT DISCONTINUATIONS
Patients taking sertraline were significantly more likely to complete treatment than those taking desipramine (84% [66/79] vs 62% [53/85]; 21 = 9.2; P = .002). Discontinuations caused by adverse events were also significantly different between treatment groups (10% [8/79] for sertraline vs 26% [22/85] for desipramine; 21 = 6.8; P = .009).
Overall, all patients taking sertraline (100% [n = 79])and almost all taking desipramine (99% [n = 84]) reported at least 1 adverse event. However, most were mild to moderate and did not result in treatment discontinuation. Significantly more patients taking desipramine vs sertraline reported constipation (34% [n = 29] vs 18% [n = 14]; P = .02), dizziness (35% [n = 30] vs 20% [n = 16]; P = .04), micturition disorder (14% [n = 12] vs 0% [n = 0]; P<.001), and dry mouth (76% [n = 65] vs 37% [n = 29]; P<.001). Significantly more patients treated with sertraline reported diarrhea (28% [n = 22] vs 9% [n = 8]; P = .002) and headache (65% [n = 51] vs 46% [n = 39]; P = .02).
DOSAGE
The mean (SD) dosage of sertraline at end point for the intention-to-treat sample was 160.1 (50) mg/d; for desipramine, it was 193.5 (90) mg/d.
EFFICACY RESULTS AND CLINICAL RESPONSE
Sertraline was demonstrated to be more effective than desipramine, as measured by the mean change from baseline to end point on almost all measures (Table 2). Significant differences favoring sertraline were demonstrated on the 24-item HAM-D (P = .03) and the Y-BOCS (P = .05). Significant differences between the treatments were also found on a number of the secondary outcome measures, including the NIMH Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (P = .01), the Y-BOCS obsession scale (P = .04), the Bech melancholia subscale of the HAM-D (P = .03), the CGI severity depression scale (P = .004), the overall CGI severity scale (P = .03), and the CGI improvement scale (P = .02). Significant differences favoring sertraline were also found on the overall PGI rating (P = .004) and the PGI rating for MDD (P = .003). Significant main effects for center were apparent on 2 measures, including the Y-BOCS obsessions scale (F10,151 = 2.00; P = .04) and the Bech melancholia subscale of the HAM-D (F10,151 = 1.89; P = .05).
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Change From Baseline to Week 12 on Primary and Secondary Efficacy Measures*
|
|
|
Compared with desipramine, sertraline demonstrated a significantly better clinical response on the Y-BOCS (48% [38/79] for sertraline vs 31% [26/85] for desipramine; 21 = 6.4; P = .01) (Figure 1). Results of the comparison of response rates on the HAM-D were not significant (21 = 3.7; P = .06). However, a significant difference (21 = 4.2; P = .04) was seen in the numbers of patients who achieved remission status of their depression, with 49% (39/79) of patients treated with sertraline and 35% (30/85) of those treated with desipramine achieving a 17-item HAM-D score of 7 or lower at end point.
COMMENT
To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine treatment efficacy among a sample of patients selected to have concurrent OCD and MDD. The results demonstrated that sertraline, an SSRI, was more efficacious than desipramine, a predominantly norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in reducing both OCD and MDD symptoms in this population. A significantly greater number of patients achieved remission of their MDD with sertraline than with desipramine. Sertraline was also associated with a significantly greater number of patients who achieved a robust improvement (40% reduction) in OCD symptoms compared with desipramine. Overall PGI scores and PGI ratings of improvement in MDD confirmed the superiority of sertraline to desipramine that was apparent in the total scores on the HAM-D and Y-BOCS.
Our findings extend those from previous studies comparing SRIs and non-SRIs for OCD.6, 12, 23 Previous investigations did not provide information on the comparison of these classes of medications in patients with concurrent MDD and OCD. Our results suggest that SRI treatment is appropriate for the relatively large proportion of patients with OCD and concurrent MDD who have often been excluded from previous trials of SRIs with OCD because of their MDD.
The improvements in patients treated with sertraline are particularly noteworthy because of the severity and chronicity of illness in this patient population. At baseline, patients had a mean duration of MDD of about 2 years and OCD symptoms of more than 17 years. This chronicity, evaluated with reports of depression predicting poor response to OCD treatment14 and OCD symptoms slowing recovery from MDD,15 suggests that the population of patients with OCD and concurrent MDD might be expected to demonstrate less treatment response compared with OCD samples without MDD comorbidity. However, the percentage change at end point in Y-BOCS scores for patients treated with sertraline in the current study compares favorably with results from a previous, large-scale study of sertraline treatment of OCD without concurrent depression9 (32.7% reduction compared with 23.4% reduction).
A substantially lower rate of treatment discontinuation caused by adverse effects was evident with sertraline compared with desipramine. This is consistent with the well-documented superior adverse-effect profiles of SSRIs compared with tricyclic antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have also been found to result in fewer adverse events and lower attrition rates compared with clomipramine in some OCD treatment studies18, 22 but not others.20-21 Although the difference in adverse events between sertraline and desipramine was expected, its demonstration in this understudied population of patients with concurrent MDD and OCD provides further important information regarding treatment decisions for these patients.
The relatively higher dropout rate for desipramine vs sertraline was likely to have influenced the analysis of end-point efficacy scores. It may be that if these patients who discontinued desipramine therapy because of adverse effects had stayed in treatment longer, they would have achieved a greater response in both their MDD and OCD symptoms. However, the fact that a significantly greater number of patients were unable to complete desipramine treatment compared with sertraline treatment is obviously an important clinical consideration in choosing medications.
A limitation of the current study is the lack of a placebo control. The expected placebo response in patients with both OCD and concurrent MDD is unknown since there are no published studies demonstrating it. Although the improvement rates found in the current study are greater than those found for placebo in other treatment studies of patients with OCD,9-10 it is possible but unlikely that there would be a higher placebo response rate for patients with OCD and concurrent MDD.
It is also important to consider that there is overlap in symptoms in the assessment of OCD and MDD. In particular, there are items on the HAM-D scale that refer to anxiety or obsessionality. Sertraline's greater influence, relative to desipramine, on OCD symptoms may have resulted in changes in HAM-D scores in part because of the HAM-D items that overlap with OCD symptoms. However, the advantage of sertraline over desipramine on other measures of depression (eg, CGI, patient global improvement) that do not involve specific OCD items provides some assurance that the superiority of sertraline is not a measurement artifact related to item overlap.
A further limitation of the current study is the use of multiple secondary efficacy measures without any statistical adjustment for the number of significance tests performed. It is therefore possible that some of the effects seen on secondary measures may have been obtained by chance. However, the effects were largely consistent in direction across measures. Moreover, while some measures did display main effects for center, indicating that some centers achieved better outcomes than other centers, there were no significant treatment x center interactions, suggesting that the superiority of sertraline over desipramine has some degree of generalizability.
We can speculate on the possible reasons why a non-SRI does not affect symptoms of MDD to the degree that an SRI does in the context of OCD. One explanation would be that MDD in the context of OCD is different than MDD without OCD. It may be that the serotonin system is more involved in OCD-related depression compared with MDD without OCD. Alternatively, as others have speculated,6 it seems possible that MDD is often secondary to the impairment from OCD (ie, the MDD is being maintained by demoralization related to ongoing severe OCD symptoms and the associated negative impact of such symptoms on social and work functioning). Reduction of the obsessive-compulsive symptoms would reduce one of the factors contributing to the depression. Treatment with a medication less efficacious for OCD would permit continuing OCD symptoms that would contribute to demoralization of patients at risk for MDD. Regardless of the explanation, the current study suggests that the serotonergic antidepressant sertraline produces greater efficacy than the noradrenergic antidepressant desipramine for both OCD and MDD symptoms for patients manifesting both MDD and OCD.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication September 28, 1999.
This research was supported by Pfizer Inc, New York, NY.
Portions of this study were presented at the European College on Neuropsychopharmacology, Vienna, Austria, September 14, 1997; the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Kamuela, Hawaii, December 10, 1997; and the American Psychiatric Association Meeting, Toronto, Ontario; June 2, 1998.
Corresponding author: Rudolf Hoehn-Saric, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Henry Phipps Psychiatry Service, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Meyer 144, Baltimore, MD 21287-7144.
From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (Dr Hoenh-Saric), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (Dr Ninan), and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Dr Lydiard); Departments of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Black), University of California at San Diego (Dr Stahl), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (Dr McElroy), and Rush-Presbyterian/St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Ill (Dr Zajecka); Madison Institute of Medicine, Madison, Wis (Dr Griest); and Pfizer Inc, New York, NY (Mr Chapman and Drs Clary and Harrison).
REFERENCES
| |
1. Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL. The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15:743-758.
ISI
| PUBMED
2. Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1094-1099.
FREE FULL TEXT
3. Kolada JL, Bland RC, Newman SC. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton: obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994;376:24-35.
PUBMED
4. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, Lee CK, Newman SC, Oakley-Browne MA, Rubio-Stipec M, Wickramaratne PJ, Wittchen HU, Yeh EK. The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(suppl 3):5-10.
5. DeVeaugh-Geiss J, Moroz G, Biederman J, Cantwell D, Fontaine R, Greist JH, Reichler R. Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive compulsive disorder: a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31:45-49.
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Koby EV, Lenane MC, Cheslow DL, Hamburger SD. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents: a double-blind crossover comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1088-1092.
FREE FULL TEXT
7. Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:730-738.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, Sarteschi P, Zitterl W, Zohar J, Birkett M, Wood AJ for the Lilly European OCD Study Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1993;3:143-152.
FULL TEXT
| PUBMED
9. Greist J, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Halaris A, Kim SW, Koran L, Liebowitz M, Lydiard RB, Rasmussen S, White K, Sikes C. Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:289-295.
FREE FULL TEXT
10. Chouinard G, Goodman W, Greist JH, Jenike M, Rasmussen S, White K, Hackett E, Gaffney M, Bick PA. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of a new serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990;26:279-284.
ISI
| PUBMED
11. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Delgado PL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. Efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison with placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:36-44.
FREE FULL TEXT
12. Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, Palumbo J, Krystal JH, Nagy LM, Rasmussen SA, Heninger GR, Charney DS. Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:577-585.
FREE FULL TEXT
13. Perse TL, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Rosenfeld R, Dar R. Fluvoxamine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:543-1548.
FREE FULL TEXT
14. Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Morgenstern H, Katz RJ. Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analyses from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14:247-254.
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Kendler KS, Walters EE, Kessler RC. The prediction of length of major depressive episodes: results from an epidemiological sample of female twins. Psychol Med. 1997;27:107-117.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
16. Goodman WK, Kozak MJ, Liebowitz M, White KL. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11:21-29.
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Tollefson GD, Rampey AH Jr, Potvin JH, Jenike MA, Rush AJ, Kominguez RA, Koran LM, Shear MK, Goodman W, Genduso LA. A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:559-567.
FREE FULL TEXT
18. Bisserbe JC, Lane RM, Flament MF and the Franco-Belgian OCD Study Group. A double-blind comparison of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 1997;12:82-93.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
19. Pigott TA, Pato MT, Bernstein SE, Grover GN, Hill JL, Tolliver TJ, Murphy DL. Controlled comparisons of clomipramine and fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: behavioral and biological results. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:926-932.
FREE FULL TEXT
20. Freeman CP, Trimble MR, Deakin JF, Stokes TM, Ashford JJ. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55:301-305.
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Koran LM, McElroy SL, Davidson JR, Rasmussen SA, Hollander E, Jenike MA. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:121-129.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
22. Zohar J, Judge R. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169:468-474.
FREE FULL TEXT
23. Zohar J, Insel TR. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry. 1987;22:667-687.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Fabre LF, Abuzzahab FS, Amin M, Claghorn JL, Mendels J, Petrie WM, Dube S, Small JG. Sertraline safety and efficacy in major depression: a double-blind fixed-dose comparison with placebo. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:592-602.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Lydiard RB, Stahl SM, Hertzman M, Harrison WM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the effects of sertraline versus amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:484-491.
ISI
| PUBMED
26. Reimherr FW, Chouinard G, Cohn CK, Cole JO, Itil TM, LaPierre YD, Masco HL, Mendels J. Antidepressant efficacy of sertraline: a double-blind, placebo- and amitriptyline-controlled, multicenter comparison study in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;51(suppl B):18-27.
27. Depression Guideline Panel. Depression in Primary Care: Treatment of Major Depression. Vol 2. Rockville, Md: Dept of Health and Human Services; 1993. Publication AHCPR 93-0551.
28. Chen NH, Reith ME. Effects of locally applied cocaine, lidocaine, and various uptake blockers on monoamine transmission in the ventral tegmental area of freely moving rats: a microdialysis study of monoamine interrelationships. J Neurochem. 1994;63:1701-1713.
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R–Patient Edition, Version 1.0. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990.
30. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, II: validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1012-1016.
FREE FULL TEXT
31. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, I: development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1006-1011.
FREE FULL TEXT
32. Hamilton MA. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967;6:278-279.
PUBMED
33. Guy W. ECDEU Assessment for Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare publication 76-338.
34. Bech P, Allerup P, Gram LF, Kragh-Sorensen P, Rafaelsen OJ, Reisby N, Vestergaard P. The Diagnostic Melancholia Scale (DMS): dimensions of endogenous and reactive depression with relationship to the Newcastle scales. J Affect Disord. 1988;14:161-170.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
35. Levine J, Schooler NR. SAFTEE: a technique for the systematic assessment of side effects in clinical trials. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1986;22:343-381.
PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Risk assessment and management in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Veale et al.
Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 2009;15:332-343.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
STAR*D: a summary and UK perspective
Deakin and O'Loughlin
J Psychopharmacol 2009;23:605-612.
Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines
Anderson et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:343-396.
ABSTRACT
Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Baldwin et al.
J Psychopharmacol 2005;19:567-596.
ABSTRACT
Differential Cerebral Metabolic Changes With Paroxetine Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder vs Major Depression
Saxena et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:250-261.
ABSTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Superiority of an SRI in Depression Associated with OCD
JWatch Psychiatry 2000;2000:5-5.
FULL TEXT
|
7 on the 17-item HAM-D):