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Robert J. DeRubeis, PhD; Steven D. Hollon, PhD; Jay D. Amsterdam, MD; Richard C. Shelton, MD; Paula R. Young, PhD; Ronald M. Salomon, MD; John P. O’Reardon, MD; Margaret L. Lovett, MEd; Madeline M. Gladis, PhD; Laurel L. Brown, PhD; Robert Gallop, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:409-416.

Background  There is substantial evidence that antidepressant medications treat moderate to severe depression effectively, but there is less data on cognitive therapy’s effects in this population.

Objective  To compare the efficacy in moderate to severe depression of antidepressant medications with cognitive therapy in a placebo-controlled trial.

Design  Random assignment to one of the following: 16 weeks of medications (n = 120), 16 weeks of cognitive therapy (n = 60), or 8 weeks of pill placebo (n = 60).

Setting  Research clinics at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Patients  Two hundred forty outpatients, aged 18 to 70 years, with moderate to severe major depressive disorder.

Interventions  Some study subjects received paroxetine, up to 50 mg daily, augmented by lithium carbonate or desipramine hydrochloride if necessary; others received individual cognitive therapy.

Main Outcome Measure  The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale provided continuous severity scores and allowed for designations of response and remission.

Results  At 8 weeks, response rates in medications (50%) and cognitive therapy (43%) groups were both superior to the placebo (25%) group. Analyses based on continuous scores at 8 weeks indicated an advantage for each of the active treatments over placebo, each with a medium effect size. The advantage was significant for medication relative to placebo, and at the level of a nonsignificant trend for cognitive therapy relative to placebo. At 16 weeks, response rates were 58% in each of the active conditions; remission rates were 46% for medication, 40% for cognitive therapy. Follow-up tests of a site x treatment interaction indicated a significant difference only at Vanderbilt University, where medications were superior to cognitive therapy. Site differences in patient characteristics and in the relative experience levels of the cognitive therapists each appear to have contributed to this interaction.

Conclusion  Cognitive therapy can be as effective as medications for the initial treatment of moderate to severe major depression, but this degree of effectiveness may depend on a high level of therapist experience or expertise.

Author Affiliations: Departments of Psychology (Dr DeRubeis), and Psychiatry (Drs Amsterdam, Young, O’Reardon, and Gladis), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Departments of Psychology (Dr Hollon), and Psychiatry (Drs Shelton, Salomon, Lovett, and Brown), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, West Chester University, West Chester, Pa (Dr Gallop).

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