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Emotional Reactivity and Cognitive Regulation During Social and Physical Threat

Philippe R. Goldin, PhD; Tali Manber, MA; Shabnam Hakimi, BA; Turhan Canli, PhD; James J. Gross, PhD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(2):170-180.

Context  Social anxiety disorder is thought to involve emotional hyperreactivity, cognitive distortions, and ineffective emotion regulation. While the neural bases of emotional reactivity to social stimuli have been described, the neural bases of emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat, and their relationship to social anxiety symptom severity, have yet to be investigated.

Objective  To investigate behavioral and neural correlates of emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in patients and controls during processing of social and physical threat stimuli.

Design  Participants were trained to implement cognitive-linguistic regulation of emotional reactivity induced by social (harsh facial expressions) and physical (violent scenes) threat while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and providing behavioral ratings of negative emotion experience.

Setting  Academic psychology department.

Participants  Fifteen adults with social anxiety disorder and 17 demographically matched healthy controls.

Main Outcome Measures  Blood oxygen level–dependent signal and negative emotion ratings.

Results  Behaviorally, patients reported greater negative emotion than controls during social and physical threat but showed equivalent reduction in negative emotion following cognitive regulation. Neurally, viewing social threat resulted in greater emotion-related neural responses in patients than controls, with social anxiety symptom severity related to activity in a network of emotion- and attention-processing regions in patients only. Viewing physical threat produced no between-group differences. Regulation during social threat resulted in greater cognitive and attention regulation–related brain activation in controls compared with patients. Regulation during physical threat produced greater cognitive control–related response (ie, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) in patients compared with controls.

Conclusions  Compared with controls, patients demonstrated exaggerated negative emotion reactivity and reduced cognitive regulation–related neural activation, specifically for social threat stimuli. These findings help to elucidate potential neural mechanisms of emotion regulation that might serve as biomarkers for interventions for social anxiety disorder.

Author Affiliations: Stanford University, Stanford, California (Drs Goldin and Gross and Mss Manber and Hakimi); and Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (Dr Canli).

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