• Online Features  This Article  • Full text  • PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Citing articles on Web of Science (41)  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Related article  • Similar articles in this journal  Topic Collections  • Pediatrics  • Adolescent Medicine  • Psychiatry  • Adolescent Psychiatry  • Depression  • Public Health  • Substance Abuse/ Alcoholism  • Alert me on articles by topic  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

David M. Fergusson, PhD; Joseph M. Boden, PhD; L. John Horwood, MSc

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):260-266.

Context  There has been a great deal of research on the comorbidity between alcohol abuse or dependence (AAD) and major depression (MD). However, it is unclear whether AAD increases the risk of MD or vice versa.

Objective  To examine the associations between AAD and MD using fixed-effects modeling to control for confounding and using structural equation models to ascertain the direction of causality.

Design  Data were gathered during the course of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of children from New Zealand (635 boys, 630 girls).

Setting  General community sample.

Participants  The analysis was based on a sample of 1055 participants with available data on AAD and MD at ages 17 to 18, 20 to 21, and 24 to 25 years.

Main Outcome Measures  Symptom criteria for AAD and MD from the DSM-IV at ages 17 to 18, 20 to 21, and 24 to 25 years as well as measures of life stress, cannabis use, other illicit drug use, affiliation with deviant peers, unemployment, partner substance use, and partner criminality at ages 17 to 18, 20 to 21, and 24 to 25 years.

Results  There were significant (P < .001) pooled associations between AAD and MD. Controlling for confounding factors using conditional fixed-effects models and time-dynamic covariate factors reduced the magnitude of these associations, but they remained statistically significant. Structural equation modeling suggested that the best-fitting causal model was one in which AAD led to increased risk of MD.

Conclusions  The findings suggest that the associations between AAD and MD were best explained by a causal model in which problems with alcohol led to increased risk of MD as opposed to a self-medication model in which MD led to increased risk of AAD.

Author Affiliations: Christchurch Health and Development Study, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand.

CiteULike    Connotea    Delicious    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

RELATED ARTICLE

This Month in Archives of General Psychiatry
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):233.
FULL TEXT  

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Heavy Drinking and Use of Sedative or Anxiolytic Drugs Among Aging Men: An 11-Year Follow-Up of the FinDrink Study
Ilomaki et al.
The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2011;45:1240-1247.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Consensus Statement for Safety Monitoring Guidelines of Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder
Dodd et al.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011;45:712-725.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Suicide Categories by Patterns of Known Risk Factors: A Latent Class Analysis
Logan et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:935-941.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Affective disorders, anxiety disorders and the risk of alcohol dependence and misuse
Liang and Chikritzhs
Br. J. Psychiatry 2011;199:219-224.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort
Boden et al.
Br. J. Psychiatry 2010;196:440-446.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Do You Drink Because You're Depressed, or Are You Depressed Because You Drink?
JWatch Psychiatry 2009;2009:2-2.
FULL TEXT