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GERALD VOGEL, MD; DAVID FOULKES, PhD; HARRY TROSMAN, MD

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1966;14(3):238-248.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

IN THE PAST ten years the work of Aserinsky, Kleitman, and Dement^1-3 has shown that by the EEG/EOG (electrooculogram) there are two different kinds of sleep, which, under ordinary circumstances, cyclically alternate throughout the night. One of these is emergent stage 1 EEG (a low-voltage, fast, random pattern) accompanied by intermittent bursts of rapid eye movements (REM). The second kind of sleep has no rapid eye movements (NREM) and is characterized electroencephalographically by 12-14 cps spindles without -waves (stage 2) or with 3-6 cps -waves (stages 3 and 4). In an ordinary night's sleep subjects begin with 1 hours of NREM sleep which then gives way to about 10-15 minutes of REM sleep. A total of 3-7 cycles of alternating NREM and REM sleep compose a night's sleep, with REM sleep taking up progressively more of each cycle. In terms of mental activity . . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]

Author Affiliations
CHICAGO

From the Department of Psychiatry, the University of Chicago, Chicago. Dr. Foulkes is now at the Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo.

Footnotes
Submitted for publication Aug 13, 1965.

Reprint requests to 5741 S Drexel Ave, Sleep Lab, Chicago 60637 (Dr. Vogel).

The similarities and differences between descending stage 1 and ascending (emergent) stage 1 are as follows: Both have a low-voltage, fast, random EEG and so both are called EEG stage 1. However, the distinctions between them are important. Descending stage 1 occurs at sleep onset, usually lasts one-half to five minutes, is not accompanied by REMs, and has not been thought to be associated with dreaming. It is called descending stage 1 because the subject is "descending" from wakefulness to sleep. On the other hand, ascending stage 1 occurs after 60 to 90 minutes of NREM sleep, lasts 10 to 40 minutes, is accompanied by intermittent bursts of REMs, and is simultaneous with the experience of dreaming. It is called ascending stage 1 because at one time it was thought the sleeper "ascended" from deeper to lighter sleep as he passed from NREM to REM sleep.

Stage 2 sleep at sleep onset is herein taken to be the electroencephalographic end point of the hypnagogic period and the electroencephalographic beginning of NREM sleep.

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