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Social Zeitgebers and Biological Rhythmsm-Reply
Ellen Frank, PhD;
David J. Kupfer, MD
Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic 3811 O'Hara St Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Cindy L. Ehlers, PhD
Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic and Division of Preclinical Neuroscience and Endocrinology Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, BCR1 La Jolla, CA 92037
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(9):859.
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In Reply.—
We thank Dr Finkelstein for his thoughtful response to our report on social zeitgebers and biological rhythms. Dr Finkelstein has raised two questions/comments regarding our theory. The first question is concerning the relationship between monoamine levels and endocrine dysregulation in depression. The exact relationship between monoamine levels and endocrine dysregulation in depression has not been firmly estsblished. We have suggested that the hypothalamic peptides, corticotropinreleasing factor and growth hormone— releasing factor, may modulate the disturbances in sleep rhythms in depression.1 In the case of corticotropinreleasing factor, which has been found to be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients,2 studies in animals have demonstrated that catecholamines can modulate corticotropin-releasing factor secretion into the hypophysioportal circulation.3 In addition, corticotropin-releasing factor has been found to modify neuronal firing patterns in the nucleus locus coeruleus, a major projection nucleus of the ascending noradrenergic system.4 Thus, although the
. . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]
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